The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion

SMART, J

doi:10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.001

Cited by 1,167Advanced Drug Delivery SystemsPolymer Surface Interaction StudiesAdhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions

The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion

SMART, J·2005·Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.001

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Mucoadhesion is where two surfaces, one of which is a mucous membrane, adhere to each other. This has been of interest in the pharmaceutical sciences in order to enhance localised drug delivery, or to deliver 'difficult' molecules (proteins and oligonucleotides) into the systemic circulation. Mucoadhesive materials are hydrophilic macromolecules containing numerous hydrogen bond forming groups, the carbomers and chitosans being two well-known examples. The mechanism by which mucoadhesion takes place has been said to have two stages, the contact (wetting) stage followed by the consolidation stage (the establishment of the adhesive interactions). The relative importance of each stage will depend on the individual application. For example, adsorption is a key stage if the dosage form cannot be applied directly to the mucosa of interest, while consolidation is important if the formulation is exposed to significant dislodging stresses. Adhesive joint failure will inevitably occur as a result of overhydration of a dosage form, or as a result of epithelia or mucus turnover. New mucoadhesive materials with optimal adhesive properties are now being developed, and these should enhance the potential applications of this technology.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.001

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

PZL is a polymeric compound of zinc and LT3 that adheres to the intestinal mucosa following oral administration.
“PZL is a polymeric compound of zinc and LT3 that adheres to the intestinal mucosa following oral administration (61, 62).”
From Designing a combined liothyronine (LT3), L- thyroxine (LT4) trial in symptomatic hypothyroid subjects on LT4 - the importance of patient selection, choice of LT3 and trial design (2023) · cites this paper as [62]

Polymer Interface and Adhesion
Wu, S. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203742860 · Cited by 3,391 · see citing works
Pharmaceutics : the science of dosage form design
Aulton, M. E. (2002) · Churchill Livingstone eBooks · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
In vitro evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan microspheres
He, P., Davis, S. S., & Illum, L. (1998) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00027-1 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy
Florence, A. J., & Attwood, D. (1981) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-19480-3 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Hydrogels as mucoadhesive and bioadhesive materials: a review
Peppas, N. A., & Sahlin, J. J. (1996) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/0142-9612(95)00307-x · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Electric double layer interactions in bacterial adhesion to surfaces
Poortinga, A. T., Bos, R., Norde, W., & Busscher, H. J. (2002) · Surface Science Reports · doi:10.1016/s0167-5729(02)00032-8 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
An in-vitro investigation of mucosa-adhesive materials for use in controlled drug delivery
Smart, J. D., Kellaway, I. W., & Worthington, H. E. C. (1984) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1984.tb04377.x · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Self-citation
Thiolated polymers — thiomers: development and in vitro evaluation of chitosan–thioglycolic acid conjugates
Kast, C. E., & Bernkop‐Schnürch, A. (2001) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00421-x · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Mucoadhesive nanoparticulate systems for peptide drug delivery.
Takéuchi, Hirofumi, Yamamoto, Y., Hiromitsu, Kawashima, & Yoshiaki (2002) · 岐阜藥科大學紀要 = The annual proceedings of Gifu College of Pharmacy · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Bioadhesive drug delivery systems
Nielsen, L. S., Schubert, L., & Hansen, J. (1998) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0928-0987(97)10004-5 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems
Ahuja, A., Khar, R. K., & Ali, J. (1997) · Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy · doi:10.3109/03639049709148498 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Molecular aspects of muco- and bioadhesion:
Huang, Y., Leobandung, W., Foss, A. C., et al. (2000) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00233-3 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Lectin-mediated drug delivery:
Lehr, C. (2000) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00228-x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Binding of acrylic polymers to mucin/epithelial surfaces: structure-property relationships.
Gu, J. M., Robinson, J. R., & Leung, S. H. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Improvement in the mucoadhesive properties of alginate by the covalent attachment of cysteine
Bernkop‐Schnürch, A., Kast, C. E., & Richter, M. F. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00227-9 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Swelling behavior of acrylic acid hydrogels prepared by γ-radiation crosslinking of polyacrylic acid in aqueous solution
Jabbari, E., & Nozari, S. (2000) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(00)00044-6 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
An investigation into the role of water movement and mucus gel dehydration in mucoadhesion
Mortazavi, S. A., & Smart, J. D. (1993) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(93)90078-j · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Simple Method for Measuring Thickness of the Mucus Gel Layer Adherent to Rat, Frog and Human Gastric Mucosa: Influence of Feeding, Prostaglandin, N-Acetylcysteine and other Agents
Kerss, S., Allen, A., & Garner, A. (1982) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0630187 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems
(1999) · Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences · doi:10.1201/b14099 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Surface modifications and molecular imprinting of polymers in medical and pharmaceutical applications
Bures, P., Huang, Y., Oral, E., et al. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00259-0 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Comparative rheological investigation of crude gastric mucin and natural gastric mucus
Kočevar-Nared, J., Kristl, J., & Šmid-Korbar, J. (1997) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(96)00180-9 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Assembling Block Copolymers Containing Bioadhesive End Groups
Huang, K., Lee, B. P., Ingram, D. R., & Messersmith, P. B. (2002) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm015650p · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Adhesion in Biological Systems
Manly, R. S. (1967) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.158.3802.812 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Development of controlled drug release systems based on thiolated polymers
Bernkop‐Schnürch, A., Scholler, S., & Biebel, R. G. (2000) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00256-4 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Bioadhesion technologies for the delivery of peptide and protein drugs to the gastrointestinal tract.
Lehr, C. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Mucoadhesive drug carriers based on complexes of poly(acrylic acid) and PEGylated drugs having hydrolysable PEG–anhydride–drug linkages
Lele, B. S., & Hoffman, A. S. (2000) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00303-5 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Evidence of mucoadhesion by chain interpenetration at a poly (acrylic acid)/mucin interface using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
Jabbari, E., Wisniewski, N. A., & Peppas, N. A. (1993) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(93)90109-i · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A Surface Energy Analysis of Mucoadhesion: Contact Angle Measurements on Polycarbophil and Pig Intestinal Mucosa in Physiologically Relevant Fluids
Lehr, C., Bouwstra, J. A., Boddé, H. E., et al. (1992) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018931811189 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
An investigation of some factors influencing the in vitro assessment of mucoadhesion
Mortazavi, S. A., & Smart, J. D. (1995) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(94)00299-k · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citation
COMPOSITIONS PRODUCING ADHESION THROUGH HYDRATION
Chen, J. L., & Cyr, G. N. (1970) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-469050-9.50015-6 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Sustained buccal delivery of the hydrophobic drug denbufylline using physically cross-linked palmitoyl glycol chitosan hydrogels
Martin, L. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0939-6411(02)00118-2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Transmission electron microscopy studies on pig gastric mucin and its interactions with chitosan
Fiebrig, I., Harding, S. E., Rowe, A. J., et al. (1995) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/0144-8617(95)00105-0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Drug delivery using buccal-adhesive systems
Smart, J. D. (1993) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/0169-409x(93)90012-s · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Electron Microscopy, Carbohydrate Analyses and Biological Activities of the Proteins Adsorbed in Two Hours to Tooth Surfaces in vivo
Sönju, T., Christensen, T. B., Kornstad, L., et al. (2009) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000260099 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Interpretation of mucoadhesive properties of polymer gel preparations using a tensile strength method
Hägerström, H., & Edsman, K. L. M. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/0022357011778197 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
An in vitro mucosal model for prediction of the bioadhesion of alginate solutions to the oesophagus
Batchelor, H. K., Banning, D. H., Dettmar, P. W., et al. (2002) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00062-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Thiolated polymers: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of polymer–cysteamine conjugates
Bernkop‐Schnürch, A., Clausen, A. E., & Hnatyszyn, M. (2001) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00807-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
An in-vitro method for assessing the duration of mucoadhesion
Mortazavi, S. A., & Smart, J. D. (1994) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(94)00044-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mucus Gel Thickness and Turnover in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Rat: Response to Cholinergic Stimulus and Implication for Mucoadhesion
Rubinstein, A., & Tirosh, B. (1994) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018961204325 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Definitions, Mechanisms and Theories of Bioadhesion
(1999) · Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences · doi:10.1201/b14099-2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sustained and controlled release of daunomycin from cross‐linked poly(aldehyde guluronate) hydrogels
Bouhadir, K. H., Kruger, G. M., Lee, K. Y., & Mooney, D. J. (2000) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/1520-6017(200007)89:7 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Infection associated with medical devices
Tunney, M. M., Gorman, S. P., & Patrick, S. (1996) · Reviews in Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1097/00013542-199610000-00002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Evaluation of poly(acrylic acid-co-ethylhexyl acrylate) films for mucoadhesive transbuccal drug delivery: factors affecting the force of mucoadhesion
Shojaei, A. H., Paulson, J. R., & Honary, S. (2000) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00216-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
An investigation of the rheological behaviour of the mucoadhesive/mucosal interface
Mortazavi, S. A., Carpenter, B. G., & Smart, J. D. (1992) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(82)90025-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of sodium chloride on the release, absorption and safety of diclofenac sodium delivered by poloxamer gel
Park, Y. (2003) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00362-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
An in vitro mucosal model predictive of bioadhesive agents in the oral cavity
Patel, D. R., Smith, A., Grist, N., et al. (1999) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00117-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Evaluation of possible mechanism(s) of bioadhesion
Tur, K. M., & Ch'ng, H.-S. (1998) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00297-4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The adherent gastric mucus gel barrier in man and changes in peptic ulceration
Allen, A., CUNLIFFE, W. J., Pearson, J. P., et al. (1990) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb01477.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Investigation of surface properties of some polymers by a thermodynamic and mechanical approach: possibility of predicting mucoadhesion and biocompatibility
Esposito, P., Colombo, I., & Lovrecich, M. (1994) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/0142-9612(94)90064-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A direct-staining method to evaluate the mucoadhesion of polymers from aqueous dispersion
Kockisch, S., Rees, G. D., Young, S. A., et al. (2001) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00444-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The use of bioadhesives in targeted delivery within the gastrointestinal tract
Helliwell, M. W. (1993) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/0169-409x(93)90011-r · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Osmotic deswelling of weakly charged poly(acrylic acid) solutions and gels
Silberberg‐Bouhnik, M., Ramon, O., Ladyzhinski, I., et al. (1995) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/polb.1995.090331612 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Physical properties of hydrocolloid wet glues
Ben-Zion, O., & NUSSINOVITCH, A. (1997) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/s0268-005x(97)80041-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Water quantitatively induces the mucoadhesion of liquid crystalline phases of glyceryl monooleate
Lee, J., Young, S. A., & Kellaway, I. W. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/0022357011775956 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Role of Water Movement and Polymer Hydration in Mucoadhesion
Smart, J. (1999) · Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences · doi:10.1201/b14099-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Enhanced nasal retention of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes
Bromberg, L. E. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/0022357011775082 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Modelling mucoadhesion by use of surface energy terms obtained by the Lewis acid-Lewis base approach
Rillosi, M., & Buckton, G. (1995) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(94)00319-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Measurement of the swelling force in ionic polymeric networks I. Effect of pH and ionic content
Khare, A. R., Peppas, N. A., Massimo, G., & Colombo, P. (1992) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(92)90098-c · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A novel mucoadhesive polymer prepared by template polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of poloxamer
Chun, M., Cho, C., & Choi, H. (2000) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/1097-4628(20010222)79:8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Visualization studies of the mucoadhesive interface
Lehr, C., Bouwstra, J. A., Spies, F., et al. (1992) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/0168-3659(92)90170-v · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effect of dose size, food and surface coating on the gastric residence and distribution of an ion exchange resin
Thairs, S., Ruck, S., Jackson, S. J., et al. (1998) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00305-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Molecular calculations of poly(ethylene glycol) transport across a swollen poly (acrylic acid)/mucin interface
Peppas, N. A. (1998) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1163/156856298x00028 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Hydrophobically Modified Bioadhesive Polymeric Carrier for Controlled Drug Delivery to Mucosal Surfaces
Inoue, T., Chen, G., Hoffman, A. S., et al. (1998) · Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers · doi:10.1177/088391159801300105 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effect of resin surface charge on gastric mucoadhesion and residence of cholestyramine
Jackson, S. J., Bush, D., Washington, N., et al. (2000) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00500-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
An in vitro model for investigating the gastric mucosal retention of 14C-labelled poly(acrylic acid) dispersions
Riley, R. G., Smart, J. D., Tsibouklis, J., et al. (2002) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00014-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Novel PEG-Containing Acrylate Copolymers with Improved Mucoadhesive Properties
Shojaei, A., & Li, X. (1999) · Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences · doi:10.1201/b14099-17 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: A mechanistic approach
des Rieux, A., Fievez, V., Garinot, M., Schneider, Y.-J., & Préat, V. (2006) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.013 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works
Polymeric Micelles, a Promising Drug Delivery System to Enhance Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs
Xu, W., Ling, P., & Zhang, T. (2013) · Journal of Drug Delivery · doi:10.1155/2013/340315 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Drug nanocrystals: in vivo performances.
Gao, L., Liu, G., Ma, J., Wang, X., Zhou, L., & Li, X. (2012) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.013 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising tool in nanomedicine with particular emphasis on oncological treatment
Sharifi-Rad, J., Quispe, C., Butnariu, M., Rotariu, L. S., Sytar, O., Sestito, S., Rapposelli, S., Akram, M., Iqbal, M., Krishna, A., et al. (2021) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-021-02025-4 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Nanomicelles: types, properties and applications in drug delivery
Bose, A., Roy Burman, D., Sikdar, B., & Patra, P. (2021) · IET Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1049/nbt2.12018 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Advances in ophthalmic drug delivery
Morrison, P. W., & Khutoryanskiy, V. V. (2014) · Therapeutic Delivery · doi:10.4155/tde.14.75 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Nanoparticles Coated with High Molecular Weight PEG Penetrate Mucus and Provide Uniform Vaginal and Colorectal Distribution <i>in Vivo</i>
Maisel, K., Reddy, M., Xu, Q., Chattopadhyay, S., Cone, R., Ensign, L. M., & Hanes, J. (2016) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm-2016-0047 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Targeted Nasal Galantamine Delivery as a Promising Tool in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
Georgieva, D., Nikolova, D., Vassileva, E., & Kostova, B. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15030829 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mucoadhesive improvement of alginate microspheres as potential gastroretentive delivery carrier by blending with Bletilla striata polysaccharide
Wu, Y., Zhang, W., Huang, J., Luo, Z., Li, J., Wang, L., & Di, L. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.156 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sustained release T3 therapy: animal models and translational applications
Idrees, T., Price, J. D., Piccariello, T., & Bianco, A. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00544 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Metal coordinated poly-zinc-liothyronine provides stable circulating triiodothyronine levels in hypothyroid rats
Da Conceição, R. R., Fernandes, G. W., Fonseca, T. L., Bocco, B. M. L. C., & Bianco, A. C. (2018) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2018.0205 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Extended absorption of liothyronine from poly-zinc-liothyronine: results from a phase 1, double-blind, randomized, and controlled study in humans
Dumitrescu, A. M., Hanlon, E. C., Arosemena, M., Duchon, O., Ettleson, M., Giurcanu, M., & Bianco, A. C. (2022) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2021.0304 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Designing a combined liothyronine (LT3), L- thyroxine (LT4) trial in symptomatic hypothyroid subjects on LT4 - the importance of patient selection, choice of LT3 and trial design
Premawardhana, L. D., Taylor, P. N., Okosieme, O. E., Adlan, M. A., Obuobie, E. K., & Dayan, C. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1282608 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Authors: SMART, J.
Affiliations: University of Brighton (GB)
Corresponding author: SMART, J
Venue: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-11-03
Volume: 57
Issue: 11
Pages: 1556-1568
ISSN: 0169-409X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.07.001
OpenAlex: W2073771274
Cited by: 1,167
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 13.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanics of Materials › Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions
Keywords: mucoadhesion, mucosa, Carbopol, chitosan, hydrogen bonding, adsorption, adhesive joint failure
MeSH terms: Adhesiveness, Animals, Excipients, Humans, Mucous Membrane, Tissue Adhesives, Drug Delivery Systems

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks