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Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands
Open accessAbstract
There are a number of methods that can be used to help assess carbon budgets at the site to continental scales. Eddy covariance (EC) networks have been developed over the last decade and have been used to make many advances in our understanding. However, eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ and water vapour exchanges quantify the fluxes only on short time scales, but do not assess the impacts of long-term processes that contribute to biogeochemical cycling in croplands, such as harvest or residue removal and other management practices, so many other supplementary measurements are required to attribute different components of the carbon flux. Such methods include isotope studies, chamber flux measurements of C and other greenhouse gases, inventories of above- and below-ground biomass as well as management in- and outputs, book-keeping modelling, process modelling, experimental manipulation and earth observation (e.g. remote sensing). In this review, we summarise the component fluxes that make up the total cropland carbon budget, describe the key fluxes and methods used to estimate them, and examine how they need to be integrated to obtain the net ecosystem carbon budget of European croplands. We describe the uncertainties and difficulties inherent at each stage and how these can be minimised.
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Climate Change Can Accelerate Depletion of Montane Grassland C Stocks
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“The NECB is a measure to more comprehensively estimate total eco-system C balances since it further considers C additions and removals compared to NEE (Smith et al., 2010).”
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Warming but not elevated CO2 depletes soil organic carbon in a temperate rice paddy
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“Rather than direct detection of soil organic C changes over a long time span, the calculation of net ecosystem C budget (NECB) can sensitively reflect seasonal changes in soil C sequestration and storage (Smith et al. 2010).”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Tang, H., Smith, P., Zhong, C., & Guo-qin, H. (2021) · Carbon Balance and Management · doi:10.1186/s13021-021-00170-x · Cited by 14
Self-citationCarbon sequestration in orchards and vineyards
Zanotelli, D. (2019) · Italus Hortus · doi:10.26353/j.itahort/2018.3.1328 · Cited by 14
Senapati, N., Chabbi, A., & Smith, P. (2017) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.003 · Cited by 14
Self-citationRanathunga, K. N., Evans, J., Toth, N., Brown, S. E., Eerd, L. L. V., & Wagner‐Riddle, C. (2024) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2024.109418 · Cited by 17
Song, H. J., Park, S., Kwon, N. H., Margenot, A. J., & Lee, J. (2025) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109834 · Cited by 13
Inventory of China’s Net Biome Productivity since the 21st Century
Du, C., Bai, X., Li, Y., Tan, Q., Zhao, C., Luo, G., Wu, L., Chen, F., Li, C., Chen, R., et al. (2022) · Land · doi:10.3390/land11081244 · Cited by 13
Gao, H., Xia, X., Zhang, Z., Chen, J., & Liu, S. (2023) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2023.108862 · Cited by 14
Hu, T., Malone, S. L., Rumpel, C., & Chabbi, A. (2024) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01202-3 · Cited by 13
Miju, C., Kiflu, A., & Gizachew, S. (2025) · Arabian Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s12517-025-12181-w · Cited by 13
“Understanding soil organic carbon stocks in relation to greenhouse gas emissions and land degradation is vital for combating climate change and promoting ecological restoration (Dereje et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2010).”
Can species-rich grasslands be established on former intensively managed arable soils?
Horrocks, C. A., Heal, K. V., Harvie, B. A., Tallowin, J., Cardenas, L. M., & Dungait, J. A. J. (2015) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.10.015 · Cited by 13
“345 346 In agro-ecosystems at steady state, net loss or gain of SOC is not observed, i.e. the amount of 347 C lost through decomposition processes and harvesting is the same as the net ecosystem 348 production (Jones and Donnelly, 2004; Smith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundStruck, I. J. A., Taube, F., Hoffmann, M., Kluß, C., Herrmann, A., Loges, R., & Reinsch, T. (2020) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2020.104615 · Cited by 13
Hoffmann, M., Wirth, S. J., Beßler, H., Engels, C., Jochheim, H., Sommer, M., & Augustin, J. (2017) · Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science · doi:10.1002/jpln.201600489 · Cited by 13
Luo, X. Y., Risal, A., Qi, J., Lee, S., Zhang, X., Alfieri, J. G., & McCarty, G. W. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169128 · Cited by 13
Gao, X., Lv, A., Wang, S., Su, L., Zhou, P., & An, Y. (2016) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-016-9797-7 · Cited by 12
“The NECB expresses the carbon exchange of a terrestrial ecosystem at annual to decadal timescales, and shows whether an ecosystem is a carbon sink or source, while the MSTC is not sensitive enough to detect seasonal or annual CO2 change (Smith et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLi, H., Xu, Y., Gao, W., Cui, J., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.119189 · Cited by 11
Saunders, M., Dengel, S., Kolari, P., Moureaux, C., Montagnani, L., Ceschia, É., Altimir, N., López‐Ballesteros, A., Marañón‐Jiménez, S., Acosta, M., et al. (2018) · International Agrophysics · doi:10.1515/intag-2017-0040 · Cited by 11
Self-citationGuo, T., Luan, H., Song, D., Zhang, S., Zhou, W., & Liang, G. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11122540 · Cited by 11
Choncubhair, Ó. N., Osborne, B. A., Finnan, J., & Lanigan, G. J. (2016) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12343 · Cited by 10
“Leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dis- solved inorganic carbon (DIC) are likely to be the most significant of these nonestimated fluxes (Osborne et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDelandmeter, M., Léonard, J., Ferchaud, F., Heinesch, B., Manise, T., Faurès, A., Bindelle, J., & Dumont, B. (2023) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109621 · Cited by 12
He, Z., Hu, R., Tang, S., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Xu, M., Zhang, W., & Wu, L. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170265 · Cited by 11
Carbon Budget of an Agroforestry System after Being Converted from a Poplar Short Rotation Coppice
Pecchioni, G., Bosco, S., Volpi, I., Mantino, A., Dragoni, F., Giannini, V., Tozzini, C., Mele, M. L., & Ragaglini, G. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10091251 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, P., Lanigan, G., Kutsch, W. L., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Aubinet, M., Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Yeluripati, J. B., Osborne, B., Moors, E. J., Brut, A., Wattenbach, M., Saunders, M., & Jones, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (BE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Pete
- ORCID
- Venue
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 302-315
- ISSN
- 0167-8809 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025652244
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 159
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences) (submittedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Keywords
- net ecosystem carbon budget, cropland, carbon flux, eddy covariance, isotope studies, biomass inventory, measurement uncertainty, greenhouse gas emissions
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