Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in Earth׳s terrestrial ecosystems
Open accessAbstract
Human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP), the aggregate impact of land use on biomass available each year in ecosystems, is a prominent measure of the human domination of the biosphere. We present a comprehensive assessment of global HANPP based on vegetation modeling, agricultural and forestry statistics, and geographical information systems data on land use, land cover, and soil degradation that localizes human impact on ecosystems. We found an aggregate global HANPP value of 15.6 Pg C/yr or 23.8% of potential net primary productivity, of which 53% was contributed by harvest, 40% by land-use-induced productivity changes, and 7% by human-induced fires. This is a remarkable impact on the biosphere caused by just one species. We present maps quantifying human-induced changes in trophic energy flows in ecosystems that illustrate spatial patterns in the human domination of ecosystems, thus emphasizing land use as a pervasive factor of global importance. Land use transforms earth's terrestrial surface, resulting in changes in biogeochemical cycles and in the ability of ecosystems to deliver services critical to human well being. The results suggest that large-scale schemes to substitute biomass for fossil fuels should be viewed cautiously because massive additional pressures on ecosystems might result from increased biomass harvest.
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Total annual aboveground net primary production on Earth's terrestrial surface is estimated to be about 35 Gt carbon, or 1260 EJ/year.
“The total annual aboveground net primary production (the net amount of carbon assimilated in a time period by vegetation) on the Earth's terrestrial surface is estimated to be about 35 Gt carbon, or 1260 EJ/year assuming an average carbon content of”
From The effect of bioenergy expansion: food, energy, and environment (2014) · cites this paper as [62]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Haberl, H., Erb, K. H., Krausmann, F., Gaube, V., Bondeau, A., Plutzar, C., Gingrich, S., Lucht, W., & Fischer-Kowalski, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Klagenfurt (AT)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation & Analyses (AT)
- *Institute of Social Ecology, Klagenfurt University, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria;
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2007-07-31
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 12942-12947
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1911196
- OpenAlex
- W2052479643
- Cited by
- 1,617
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 48.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Environmental Changes in China
- Keywords
- human appropriation of net primary production, land use, terrestrial ecosystems, biomass harvesting, human-induced fire, soil degradation, land use change, ecosystem services, global carbon budget
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Fires, Human Activities, Time Factors, Ecosystem, Biomass, Earth, Planet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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