Cited by 308Plant Water Relations and Carbon DynamicsSoil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsLand Use and Ecosystem Services

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Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands

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Smith, Pete, Lanigan, Gary, Kutsch, Werner L., Buchmann, Nina, Eugster, Werner, Aubinet, Marc, Ceschia, Eric, Béziat, Pierre, Yeluripati, Jagadeesh B., Osborne, Bruce, Moors, Eddy J., Brut, Aurore, Wattenbach, Martin, Saunders, Matt, Jones, Mike·2010·Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

DOI 10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.004

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Abstract

There are a number of methods that can be used to help assess carbon budgets at the site to continental scales. Eddy covariance (EC) networks have been developed over the last decade and have been used to make many advances in our understanding. However, eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ and water vapour exchanges quantify the fluxes only on short time scales, but do not assess the impacts of long-term processes that contribute to biogeochemical cycling in croplands, such as harvest or residue removal and other management practices, so many other supplementary measurements are required to attribute different components of the carbon flux. Such methods include isotope studies, chamber flux measurements of C and other greenhouse gases, inventories of above- and below-ground biomass as well as management in- and outputs, book-keeping modelling, process modelling, experimental manipulation and earth observation (e.g. remote sensing). In this review, we summarise the component fluxes that make up the total cropland carbon budget, describe the key fluxes and methods used to estimate them, and examine how they need to be integrated to obtain the net ecosystem carbon budget of European croplands. We describe the uncertainties and difficulties inherent at each stage and how these can be minimised.

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“A number of supplementary measurements are therefore equired to quantify individual processes (see Smith et al., 2010).”
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Optimizing nitrogen fertilization rate to enhance soil carbon storage and decrease nitrogen pollution in paddy ecosystems with simultaneous straw incorporation
Xia, L., Lam, S. K., Wang, S., Zhou, W. Q., Chen, D., & Yan, X. (2020) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2020.106968 · Cited by 64
Uncertainty in below-ground carbon biomass for major land covers in Southeast Asia
Yuen, J. Q., Ziegler, A. D., Webb, E. L., & Ryan, C. M. (2013) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.042 · Cited by 64
Double paddy rice conversion to maize–paddy rice reduces carbon footprint and enhances net carbon sink
Jiang, Z., Lin, J., Liu, Y., Mo, C., & Yang, J. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120643 · Cited by 63
A linked carbon cycle and crop developmental model: Description and evaluation against measurements of carbon fluxes and carbon stocks at several European agricultural sites
Sus, O., Williams, M., Bernhofer, C., Béziat, P., Buchmann, N., Ceschia, É., Doherty, R. M., Werner Eugster, A., Grünwald, T., Kutsch, W. L., et al. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.06.012 · Cited by 61
Self-citation
Effects of organic fertilizer on net global warming potential under an intensively managed vegetable field in southeastern China: A three-year field study
Zhang, M., Li, B., & Xiong, Z. (2016) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.024 · Cited by 61
Annual and monthly carbon balance in an intensively managed Mediterranean olive orchard
Nardino, M., Pernice, F., Rossi, F., Georgiadis, T., Facini, O., Motisi, A., & Drago, A. (2012) · Photosynthetica · doi:10.1007/s11099-012-0079-6 · Cited by 60
“The scarcity of information on the NEE of fruit tree orchards, olive included, does not allow a comparative analysis between the various species and orchard management techniques because of the different methodologies adopted (Almagro et al. 2010, Smith et al. 2010).”
Method
Microbial responses to the erosional redistribution of soil organic carbon in arable fields
Dungait, J. A. J., Ghee, C., Rowan, J. S., McKenzie, B. M., Hawes, C., Dixon, E. R., Paterson, E., & HOPKINS, D. W. (2013) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.027 · Cited by 58
Net ecosystem CO2 exchange and carbon cycling in tropical lowland flooded rice ecosystem
Bhattacharyya, P., Neogi, S., Roy, K. S., Dash, P. K., Tripathi, R., & Rao, K. S. (2013) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-013-9553-1 · Cited by 57
“…carbon into several components in flooded rice paddy ecologies to quantify carbon accumulation and loss from the ecosystem using following equation (Smith et al. 2010): NECB ¼ NEP D F H VOC CH4 Eþ I ð5Þ where, NEP was net ecosystem production, D was the carbon loss as dissolved organic carbon, F…”
Influential
Contrasting effects of different straw return modes on net ecosystem carbon budget and carbon footprint in saline-alkali arid farmland
Hu, M., Qu, Z., Li, Y., Xiong, Y., & Huang, G. (2024) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2024.106031 · Cited by 55
Nutrient management impacts on net ecosystem carbon budget and energy flow nexus in intensively cultivated cropland ecosystems of north-western India
Singh, P., & Benbi, D. K. (2020) · Paddy and Water Environment · doi:10.1007/s10333-020-00812-9 · Cited by 54
Plastic film mulch combined with adding biochar improved soil carbon budget, carbon footprint, and maize yield in a rainfed region
Liu, Z., Wang, B., Li, Z., Huang, F., Zhao, C., Zhang, P., & Jia, Z. (2022) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108574 · Cited by 55
Carbon budget and greenhouse gas balance during the initial years after rice paddy conversion to vegetable cultivation
Wu, L., Wu, X., Lin, S., Wu, Y., Tang, S., Zhou, M., Shaaban, M., Zhao, J., Hu, R., Kuzyakov, Y. V., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.207 · Cited by 54
“Soil C losses through emission of volatile organic compounds, runoff, and leaching were negligible (Smith et al., 2010; Hounkpatin et al., 2018), and therefore not accounted for in the present study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Global warming potential from maize and maize-soybean as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and cropping practices in the North China Plain
Shen, Y., Sui, P., Huang, J., Wang, D., Whalen, J. K., & Chen, Y. (2018) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2018.06.007 · Cited by 54
CO2 uptake and ecophysiological parameters of the grain crops of midcontinent North America: Estimates from flux tower measurements
Gilmanov, T. G., Wylie, B. K., Tieszen, L. L., Meyers, T. P., Baron, V. S., Bernacchi, C. J., Billesbach, D. P., Burba, G. G., Fischer, M. L., Glenn, A. J., et al. (2012) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.09.017 · Cited by 53
“Smith et al. (2010) have recently summarized the methods to adequately assess the NECB of agroecosystems, and West et al. (2010) presented an attempt to summarize NECB for croplands of the United States.”
Method
Assessing carbon dynamics at high and low rainfall agricultural sites in the inland Pacific Northwest US using the eddy covariance method
Waldo, S., Chi, J., Pressley, S. N., O'Keeffe, P. T., Pan, W. L., Brooks, E. S., Huggins, D. R., Stöckle, C. O., & Lamb, B. (2015) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.11.018 · Cited by 53
How does uncertainty of soil organic carbon stock affect the calculation of carbon budgets and soil carbon credits for croplands in the U.S. Midwest?
Zhou, W. M., Guan, K., Peng, B., Margenot, A. J., Lee, D., Tang, J., Jin, Z., Grant, R. F., DeLucia, E. H., Qin, Z., et al. (2022) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116254 · Cited by 51
Straw incorporated after mechanized harvesting of irrigated rice affects net emissions of CH4 and CO2 based on eddy covariance measurements
Alberto, M. C., Waßmann, R., Gummert, M., Buresh, R. J., Quilty, J. R., Correa, T. Q., Centeno, C. A. R., & Oca, G. M. (2015) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.004 · Cited by 50
Meta‐modeling soil organic carbon sequestration potential and its application at regional scale
Luo, Z., Wang, E., Bryan, B. A., King, D., Zhao, G., Pan, X., & Bende‐Michl, U. (2012) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/12-0672.1 · Cited by 48
“This often leads to great uncertainty in simulation results and makes upscaling to regional scale a challenge (Ogle et al. 2006, 2010, Tang and Zhuang 2008, Goidts et al. 2009, Smith et al. 2010).”
Background
Carbon fluxes and budgets of intensive crop rotations in two regional climates of southwest Germany
Poyda, A., Wizemann, H., Ingwersen, J., Eshonkulov, R., Högy, P., Demyan, M. S., Kremer, P., Wulfmeyer, V., & Streck, T. (2019) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.02.011 · Cited by 53
Two approaches for net ecosystem carbon budgets and soil carbon sequestration in a rice–wheat rotation system in China
Zhang, X., Fan, C., Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Li, L., Zhou, Q., & Xiong, Z. (2014) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-014-9651-8 · Cited by 49
“(2)): NECB ¼ NEP Harvest CH4 þ Manure ð2Þ Here, NEP (net ecosystem production) is obtained by two approaches (Ciais et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2010) and listed in Eqs.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Soil-based ecosystem services: a synthesis of nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration assessment methods
Ghaley, B. B., Porter, J. R., & Sandhu, H. (2014) · International Journal of Biodiversity Science Ecosystems Services & Management · doi:10.1080/21513732.2014.926990 · Cited by 49
“The net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) applies to net flux of carbon gain or loss in an ecosystem taking into account physical, biological and anthropogenic sources and sinks and is given as (Chapin et al. 2006; Smith et al. 2010).”
Background
Greenhouse gas emissions and energy exchange in wet and dry season rice: eddy covariance-based approach
Swain, C. K., Nayak, A. K., Bhattacharyya, P., Chatterjee, D., Chatterjee, S., Tripathi, R., Singh, N. R., & Dhal, B. (2018) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6805-1 · Cited by 49
Response of greenhouse gases emissions and yields to irrigation and straw practices in wheat-maize cropping system
Zhang, H., Liang, Q., Peng, Z., Zhao, Y., Tan, Y., Zhang, X., & Bol, R. A. (2023) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108281 · Cited by 48
Effects of biochar amendment on greenhouse gas emissions, net ecosystem carbon budget and properties of an acidic soil under intensive vegetable production
Wang, J., Chen, Z., Xiong, Z., Chen, C., Xu, X., Zhou, Q., & Kuzyakov, Y. V. (2015) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/sum.12202 · Cited by 48
“The net ecosystem C budget (NECB) can essentially provide a scientific basis for the development of C sequestration strategies (Smith et al., 2010a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The response of ecosystem carbon fluxes to LAI and environmental drivers in a maize crop grown in two contrasting seasons
Vitale, L., Tommasi, P. D., D’Urso, G., & Magliulo, V. (2015) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-015-1038-2 · Cited by 48
“…to quantify carbon budget of cropping systems (Moureaux et al. 2008; Aubinet et al. 2009; Ciais et al. 2010; Moors et al. 2010; Jans et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2010), which was found to be driven by both agricultural management and climate conditions (Gervois et al. 2008; Ceschia et al. 2010;…”
Background
Net ecosystem carbon and greenhouse gas budgets in fiber and cereal cropping systems
Liu, C., Yao, Z., Wang, K., Zheng, X., & Li, B. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.048 · Cited by 48
Mitigation of global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in arable soil with green manure as source of nitrogen
Lee, H. H., Kim, S. U., Han, H. R., Hur, D. Y., Owens, V. N., Kumar, S., & Hong, C. O. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117724 · Cited by 46
Planting practices and mulching materials improve maize net ecosystem C budget, global warming potential and production in semi-arid regions
Jia, Q., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Xiao, X., Chang, S., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., & Hou, F. (2020) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2020.104850 · Cited by 46
Energy optimization in wheat establishment following rice residue management with Happy Seeder technology for reduced carbon footprints in north-western India
Singh, P., Singh, G., Sodhi, G. P. S., & Sharma, S. (2021) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.120680 · Cited by 46
Impact of organic fertilizer substitution and biochar amendment on net greenhouse gas budget in a tea plantation
Han, Z., Lin, H., Xu, P., Li, Z., Wang, J., & Zou, J. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107779 · Cited by 44
Long-term straw incorporation regulates greenhouse gas emissions from biodegradable film farmland, improves ecosystem carbon budget and sustainable maize productivity
Qian, R., Guo, R., Naseer, M. A., Zhang, P., Chen, X., & Ren, X. (2023) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108890 · Cited by 43
Maize and rice double cropping benefits carbon footprint and soil carbon budget in paddy field
Sun, M., Zhan, M., Zhao, M., Tang, L., Qin, M., Cao, C., Cai, M., Jiang, Y., & Liu, Z. H. (2019) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107620 · Cited by 43
An appropriate amount of straw replaced chemical fertilizers returning reduced net greenhouse gas emissions and improved net ecological economic benefits
Zhang, L., Jiang, G., Xiao, R., Hou, K., Liu, X., Liu, X., Yuan, P., Tian, F., Yin, L., Zhu, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140236 · Cited by 42
Seasonal and interannual variations of carbon exchange over a rice-wheat rotation system on the North China Plain
Chen, C., Li, D., Gao, Z., Tang, J., Guo, X., Wang, L., & Wan, B. (2015) · Advances in Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00376-015-4253-1 · Cited by 42
Strong mitigation of greenhouse gas emission impact via aerobic short pre-digestion of green manure amended soils during rice cropping
Song, H. J., Lee, J. H., Canatoy, R. C., Lee, J. G., & Kim, P. J. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143193 · Cited by 42
Greenhouse gas balance of cropland conversion to bioenergy poplar short-rotation coppice
Sabbatini, S., Arriga, N., Bertolini, T., Castaldi, S., Chiti, T., Consalvo, C. D., Djomo, S. N., Gioli, B., Matteucci, G., & Papale, D. (2016) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-13-95-2016 · Cited by 42
Novel cropping-system strategies in China can increase plant protein with higher economic value but lower greenhouse gas emissions and water use
Yin, L., Tao, F., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Ciais, P., & Smith, P. (2023) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.04.010 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Seasonal fluctuations of photosynthetic parameters for light use efficiency models and the impacts on gross primary production estimation
Lin, X., Chen, B., Chen, J., Zhang, H., Sun, S., Xu, G., Guo, L., Ge, M., Qu, J., Li, L., et al. (2017) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.12.019 · Cited by 40
Effect of post-harvest practices on greenhouse gas emissions in rice paddies: flooding regime and straw management
Belenguer‐Manzanedo, M., Alcaráz, C., Camacho, A., Ibáñez, C., Català-Forner, M., & Martínez‐Eixarch, M. (2022) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-021-05234-y · Cited by 39
“Agricultural practices are a valuable resource for controlling the GHG emissions (Hussain et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2010a) but the trade-off between processes during the entire crop should be contemplated.”
Background
Integrated straw-derived biochar utilization to increase net ecosystem carbon budget and economic benefit and reduce the environmental footprint
Guo, R., Qian, R., Naseer, M. A., Han, F., Zhang, P., Jia, Z., Chen, X., & Ren, X. (2024) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2023.109247 · Cited by 41
Carbon dioxide exchange at four intensively managed grassland sites across different climate zones of Japan and the influence of manure application on ecosystem carbon and greenhouse gas budgets
Hirata, R., Miyata, A., Mano, M., Shimizu, M., Arita, T., Kouda, Y., Matsuura, S., Niimi, M., Saigusa, T., Mori, A., et al. (2013) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.007 · Cited by 39
Detecting small-scale spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks: a comparison between automatic chamber-derived C budgets and repeated soil inventories
Hoffmann, M., Jurisch, N., Alba, J. G., Borraz, E. A., Schmidt, M., Huth, V., Rogasik, H., Rieckh, H., Verch, G., Sommer, M., et al. (2017) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-14-1003-2017 · Cited by 38
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Predict Gross Primary Productivity in the Forests of South Korea Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data
Lee, B., Kim, N., Kim, E.-S., Jang, K., Kang, M., Lim, J., Cho, J., & Lee, Y. (2020) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f11091000 · Cited by 39
Mitigation of carbon dioxide by accelerated sequestration from long-term biochar amended paddy soil
Zhang, Q., Duan, P., Gunina, A., Zhang, X., Yan, X., Kuzyakov, Y. V., & Xiong, Z. (2021) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2021.104955 · Cited by 39

Authors: Smith, P., Lanigan, G., Kutsch, W. L., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Aubinet, M., Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Yeluripati, J. B., Osborne, B., Moors, E. J., Brut, A., Wattenbach, M., Saunders, M., & Jones, M.
Affiliations: University of Aberdeen (GB)
Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
Max Planck Society (DE)
ETH Zurich (CH)
Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (BE)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
University College Dublin (IE)
Wageningen University & Research (NL)
Trinity College Dublin (IE)
Corresponding author: Smith, Pete
ORCID: Smith, Pete
Lanigan, Gary
Kutsch, Werner L.
Buchmann, Nina
Eugster, Werner
Aubinet, Marc
Yeluripati, Jagadeesh B.
Osborne, Bruce
Moors, Eddy J.
Brut, Aurore
Wattenbach, Martin
Jones, Mike
Venue: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 139
Issue: 3
Pages: 302-315
ISSN: 0167-8809 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.004
OpenAlex: W2025652244
Cited by: 308
References: 159
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 10.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences) (submittedVersion)
ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
Keywords: net ecosystem carbon budget, cropland, carbon flux, eddy covariance, isotope studies, biomass inventory, measurement uncertainty, greenhouse gas emissions

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Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands

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