Cited by 308Plant Water Relations and Carbon DynamicsSoil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsLand Use and Ecosystem Services

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 157 of the 159 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands

Open access

Smith, Pete, Lanigan, Gary, Kutsch, Werner L., Buchmann, Nina, Eugster, Werner, Aubinet, Marc, Ceschia, Eric, Béziat, Pierre, Yeluripati, Jagadeesh B., Osborne, Bruce, Moors, Eddy J., Brut, Aurore, Wattenbach, Martin, Saunders, Matt, Jones, Mike·2010·Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

DOI 10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.004

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Abstract

There are a number of methods that can be used to help assess carbon budgets at the site to continental scales. Eddy covariance (EC) networks have been developed over the last decade and have been used to make many advances in our understanding. However, eddy covariance measurements of CO₂ and water vapour exchanges quantify the fluxes only on short time scales, but do not assess the impacts of long-term processes that contribute to biogeochemical cycling in croplands, such as harvest or residue removal and other management practices, so many other supplementary measurements are required to attribute different components of the carbon flux. Such methods include isotope studies, chamber flux measurements of C and other greenhouse gases, inventories of above- and below-ground biomass as well as management in- and outputs, book-keeping modelling, process modelling, experimental manipulation and earth observation (e.g. remote sensing). In this review, we summarise the component fluxes that make up the total cropland carbon budget, describe the key fluxes and methods used to estimate them, and examine how they need to be integrated to obtain the net ecosystem carbon budget of European croplands. We describe the uncertainties and difficulties inherent at each stage and how these can be minimised.

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“Although results are robust and commonly accepted, they are conﬁned to local, homogeneous footprint (FP) areas (Smith et al., 2010 To assess and monitor the spatial variability of C ﬂuxes at the local scale and across ecosystems, a global network of EC ﬂux sites (FLUXNET) has been established of…”
Background
Seasonal vapor pressure deficit and temperature effects on carbon dioxide and water dynamics in a prevalent crop rotation in the northern Great Plains
Whippo, C. W., Saliendra, N. Z., Liebig, M. A., & Archer, D. W. (2025) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110425 · Cited by 9
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“Although previous research has made valuable efforts, there is still great uncertainty in accurately quantifying harvested carbon in cropland (HCC) eco-systems (Smith et al 2010, Lun et al 2016).”
Background
Characteristics of soil respiration and net ecosystem carbon budget from tobacco-planted soil with different organic amendments
Yao, P., Lu, Q., Han, J. F., Wang, J., Zhang, M., & Ye, X. (2024) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2024.106142 · Cited by 7
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“We have summarised the findings of Smith et al. (2010); Ma et al. (2013); Zhang et al. (2014); Haque et al. (2021) for the determination of potential NECB as follows: Where NPP is the net primary production for grain, straw, root biomass, litter rhizodeposits; fertilizer C inputs were calculated…”
Background
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“cultural practices in large areas and significant variations of both soil and climate (Smith et al., 2010).”
Background
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“…organic litter and above and below-ground biomass can be measured by many techniques like destructive harvest methods, allometric functions, isotope methods (both stable and radioactive), and remote sensing (Colaizzi et al. 2017; Petrokofsky et al. 2012; Smith et al. 2010, and references therein).”
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Background
A meta-analysis reveals large potential of substituting synthetic nitrogen fertilizer with solid organic fertilizer for climate mitigation in China
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“However, net ecosystem C budget (NECB) can provide a scientific basis for determination of soil C sequestration (Chapin et al. 2006; Smith et al. 2010).”
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Method
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“45 (47) were used to calculate carbon exported per crop and NBP.”
Method
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“…other GHG fluxes (i.e., N 2 O) at the plot scale to update emission factors for a range of field operations (Ceschia et al. 2010; Osborne et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2010); (vii) introduce one standardized method to determine the amount of grass ingested by grazing livestock and the C returned to…”
Water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes in sugarcane grown in megathermal humid climate in Northeastern Brazil
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“D EC -2 0 1 7 moving between crop and atmosphere by using the sampling turbulent fluxes (Baldocchi et al., 1988; Baldocchi et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2010).”
Background
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Revill, A., Bloom, A. A., & Williams, M. (2016) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.12.006 · Cited by 4
“However, our undertandings of feedbacks between C fluxes, anthropogenic drivers and limate are limited (Eugster et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2010).”
Background
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“NEE of CO 2 is the difference between gross primary productivity (GPP) and total eco-system respiration (TER) as shown in Equation (1) (Smith et al., 2010).”
Method
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van Wesemael, B., Paustian, K. H., Andrén, O., Cerri, C. E. P., Dodd, M. B., Etchevers, J. D., Goidts, E., Grace, P., Kätterer, T., McConkey, B. G., et al. (2010) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0567-z · Cited by 3
“These systems, particularly croplands, are intensively managed and the choice of crops and the management options have been demonstrated to have a large impact on the SOC dynamics and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere (Paustian et al. 1998; Lal et al. 2007; Smith et al. 2006, 2010).”
Background
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“Globally, the main concern of the scientiﬁc community is to understand the processes associated with the carbon cycle and the role of meteorological drivers, such as temperature, precipitation and radiation in carbon budgeting [67].”
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Net global warming potential index rather than soil carbon stock change could provide better understanding of the carbon balance in soil systems
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“The net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) investigates the carbon budget in the agricultural soil system, allowing it to determine whether soil is a source or sink of carbon (Chapin et al. 2006; Smith et al. 2010).”
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“24 The NSCB evaluation system only considers the soil system as the boundary, neglecting the carbon sequestration of aboveground vegetation.”
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“…assess the changes in soil carbon sequestration under various planting practices and the net trend of GHG emissions, researchers have proposed NGB and NECB to quantify the changes in soil carbon sequestration (Smith et al. 2010), and to determine the net emission intensity of GHG (Ma et al. 2013).”
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“…ecosystem C budget (NECB) is a precise tool for estimating the soil C balance between C sequestration and mineralisation loss (Chapin et al. 2006; Smith et al. 2010) that provides a scientific basis for the C budget at a crop seasonal cropping scale under field conditions (Lai et al. 2017; Tang…”
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“…higher-level datasets, such as ecosystem scale monitoring of CO 2 exchange between biosphere and atmosphere using eddy covariance (EC), an increasingly important research method (Baldocchi 2003) into individual carbon pools (Smith, Lanigan, et al. 2010; Mccalmont, Mcnamara, et al. 2017).”
Impact of Planet Fusion Surface Reflectance Data on Crop Biomass and Carbon Budget Estimates Within the AgriCarbon-EO Processing Chain
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Mineral nitrogen input modulates the methane mitigation potential of biochar in rice systems: based on meta-analysis and field experiment demonstration
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“Agricultural practices, particularly the application of organic materials in rice cultivation, are recognized as a key strategy for mitigating CH₄ emissions from these systems (Smith et al. 2010; Qian et al. 2023a).”
Improving the carbon footprint assessment of milk production: a case study integrating soil carbon stock changes with eddy covariance and DeNitrification-DeComposition model
Gao, Y., Hu, T., Roitto, M., Jokiniemi, T., Sandell, M. A., Korkiakoski, M., Vekuri, H., Pihlatie, M. K., & Tuomisto, H. L. (2026) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-026-02579-3 · Cited by 1
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Measuring and monitoring soil carbon sequestration
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Self-citation
Agricultural practices to improve soil carbon sequestration in rice paddy soils
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Greenhouse Gas and Energy Flux Measurements with Eddy Covariance Technique Under Lowland Rice Ecology
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Iron fertilization and soil carbon sequestration in rice paddies
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“The NPP belowground was estimated as 10% of the above-ground biomass NPP (CIAIS et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2010).”
Virtual New Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Water Input, and Greenhouse Gas Emission Indicators for the Potatoes Consumed in China
Gao, B., Zhong, D., Fang, X., Huang, W., Su, X., & Cui, S. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12123169 · Cited by 1
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“Monitoring C cycle is important for net ecosystem exchange (NEE), or net ecosystem production (NEP), computation, that is the difference between CO2 entering an ecosystem and all the CO2 leaving the ecosystem during growing period (Smith et al., 2010).”
Background
The System Value of Deploying Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) in the United Kingdom
Newton‐Cross, G., & Gammer, D. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119237716.ch8
Net ecosystem carbon budget, net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in intensive vegetable ecosystems in China
Jiaa, J. X., Maa, Y. C., & Xionga, Z. Q. (2012)
Flujos de bióxido de carbono y vapor de agua medidos mediante covarianza de remolinos en sabana nativa y cultivos transitorios mecanizados en la Altillanura colombiana
Rincón, M., & Alberto, L. (2020)
Seasonal Vegetation Response to Climate Variability on Land use Land Cover Changes using In-Situ and Satellite Imagery Observation Data for Semi-Arid Maasai Mara National Reserve Rangeland Ecosystem, Kenya
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Environmental Control of Inter-annual Variability of Net Ecosystem Exchange in Rice-rice Cropping SystemPreprint
Swain, C. K., Nayak, A. K., Chatterjee, D., Pattanaik, S., Bhattacharyya, P., Shanmugam, V., Tripathi, R., Chatterjee, S., Shahid, M., Pradhan, A., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1019821/v1
Comment on egusphere-2023-48
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Comment on egusphere-2023-48
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Comment on egusphere-2023-48
(2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-48-cec1
Reply on CEC1
(2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-48-cc1
Reply on CC1
(2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-48-cec2
Comment on egusphere-2023-553
(2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-553-rc1
Comment on egusphere-2023-48
(2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-48-rc2
Comment on egusphere-2023-48
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Identifying the Key Categories and Influencing Factors for the Carbon Budget of Cropping Systems in Yunnan, Southwestern ChinaPreprint
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Comment on egusphere-2023-553
(2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-553-rc2
Reply on RC1
Macagga, R. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-553-ac1
Reply on RC2
Macagga, R. (2023) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-553-ac2
Comment on egusphere-2023-2988
(2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-2988-rc1
Comment on egusphere-2023-2988
(2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-2988-rc2
Reply on RC1
Gottschalk, P. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-2988-ac1
Reply on RC1
Gottschalk, P. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-2988-ac2
Reply on RC2
Gottschalk, P. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2023-2988-ac3
Reply on RC2
Hamwi, W. A. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2024-1806-ac2
Reply on RC1
Hamwi, W. A. (2024) · doi:10.5194/egusphere-2024-1806-ac1
Carbon Balance of a Sub-Tropical Grazing Grassland During Drought Recovery, Micrometeorological Estimates Compared to Inventory Approaches
Grace, L. (2024) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.253799
Influence of Soil Carbon Saturation Degree on Mineralization of Organic Matter in Rice PaddyPreprint
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Forested Infiltration Areas as a Natural Solution for Nitrate Mitigation in Contaminated Water
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Summer soil management regulates greenhouse gas emissions in dryland wheat cropping
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“Based on the research by Smith et al. (2010), the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) of annual cropland was conculcated using Eq.”
Tillage Management Alters Carbon Sink Capacity in Arid Phaeozems: Insights from a Carbon Balance Perspective
Yu, P., Deng, M., Lin, G., Liu, M., Zhang, Z., Qi, Z., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15102285
Balancing carbon sequestration and emissions: Granulated organic amendments enhance ecosystem-economic benefits in subtropical infertile paddy fields
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Additional file 1 of Comparison of carbon footprint and net ecosystem carbon budget under organic material retention combined with reduced mineral fertilizer
Liu, Y., Tang, H., Smith, P., Zhong, C., & Guoqin, H. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14140219
Self-citation
Embracing Process Ontology Towards a Dynamic Biogeochemistry
Angeler, D. G., García, L. N. D. L. R., Maybee, J., & Sánchez‐Carrillo, S. (2026) · Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology · doi:10.3998/ptpbio.8209
Productivity dynamics of agroecosystems under prevailing and alternative management practices across the United States
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Three-year crop rotation acted as a net carbon source and grazed grassland as a net sink in Argentine Pampas, revealing different management controls
Marconato, U., Fernández, R. J., & Posse, G. (2026) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2026.110517
Modeling carbon budgets in conventional and diverse crop rotations with cover crops using eddy covariance data
Olivo, A. J., Grant, B. B., Pow, P. K. C., Smith, W., & Wagner‐Riddle, C. (2026) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111255
Citrus microbiota in the Canary Islands: How soil management shapes root endosphere and rhizosphere communities
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Authors: Smith, P., Lanigan, G., Kutsch, W. L., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Aubinet, M., Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Yeluripati, J. B., Osborne, B., Moors, E. J., Brut, A., Wattenbach, M., Saunders, M., & Jones, M.
Affiliations: University of Aberdeen (GB)
Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
Max Planck Society (DE)
ETH Zurich (CH)
Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (BE)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
University College Dublin (IE)
Wageningen University & Research (NL)
Trinity College Dublin (IE)
Corresponding author: Smith, Pete
ORCID: Smith, Pete
Lanigan, Gary
Kutsch, Werner L.
Buchmann, Nina
Eugster, Werner
Aubinet, Marc
Yeluripati, Jagadeesh B.
Osborne, Bruce
Moors, Eddy J.
Brut, Aurore
Wattenbach, Martin
Jones, Mike
Venue: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-11
Volume: 139
Issue: 3
Pages: 302-315
ISSN: 0167-8809 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.004
OpenAlex: W2025652244
Cited by: 308
References: 159
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 10.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.wur.nl
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Publication Database GFZ (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences) (submittedVersion)
ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
Keywords: net ecosystem carbon budget, cropland, carbon flux, eddy covariance, isotope studies, biomass inventory, measurement uncertainty, greenhouse gas emissions

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Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands

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