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Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity – Results from a short-term pilot field study
Abstract
Biochar addition to agricultural soil has been suggested to mitigate climate change through increased biogenic carbon storage and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. We measured the fluxes of N₂O, CO₂, and CH₄ after adding 9tha⁻¹ biochar on an agricultural soil in Southern Finland in May 2009. We conducted these measurements twice a week for 1.5 months, between sowing and canopy closure, to capture the period of highest N₂O emissions, where the potential for mitigation would also be highest. Biochar addition increased CH₄ uptake (96% increase in the average cumulative CH₄ uptake), but no statistically significant differences were observed in the CO₂ and N₂O emissions between the biochar amended and control plots. Added biochar increased soil water holding capacity by 11%. Further studies are needed to clarify whether this may help balance fluctuations in water availability to plants in the future climate with more frequent drought periods.
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“In a field study with Birch (Betula spp.) biochar incorporated into a silt loam soil in Finland, biochar addition increased water-holding capacity by 11% compared to the unamended control (Karhu et al., 2011).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Karhu et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“However, the effects of biochar addition on CH 4 and N 2 O were inconsistent and have shown variability with crop and soil types, site condition, and the origin of the biochar (Karhu et al., 2011;Kimetu and Lehmann, 2010;Lehmann et al., 2011b;Spokas et al., 2009;Zimmerman et al., 2011).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Karhu et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition to the beneficial effects of drawing CO 2 from the atmosphere, biochar application was reported to decrease emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O from soils (Cavigelli and Robertson, 2001;Karhu et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2011;Rogovska et al., 2011;Rondon et al., 2006Rondon et al., , 2005;;Zhang et al., 2012a).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Karhu et al., 2011
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“The application of biochar+compost can reduce CH4 emission probably because biochar provides better aeration, higher porosity and a larger surface area, and makes the soil more favorable for methanotrophs compared with soils without biochar (Karhu et al. 2011).”
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Conversion of organic biomedical waste into value added product using green approach
Patil, P. M., Mahamuni-Badiger, P. P., Shadija, P. G., & Bohara, R. A. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-4001-z · Cited by 19
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Persson, T., Szulc, W., Rutkowska, B., Høglind, M., Hanslin, H. M., & Sæbø, A. (2020) · Agricultural and Food Science · doi:10.23986/afsci.95778 · Cited by 19
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Zhang, J., Shi, D., Jin, H., Li, H., Jiang, N., & Ye, Q. (2022) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2022.106304 · Cited by 20
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“It may have an impact on crop development both directly and indirectly depending on its natural nutritional content and capability for nutrient and water retention as well as the reduction of moisture stress (Lehmann et al., 2003; Karhu et al., 2011; Vaccari et al., 2011; Baidoo et al., 2016).”
BackgroundA nature-based solution to reduce soil water vertical leakage in arid sandy land
Liu, W.-F., Huang, Z., Guo, Z., López‐Vicente, M., Wang, Z., & Wu, G. (2023) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116630 · Cited by 21
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“Improvement in soil water-holding capacity (Busch et al. 2012; Karhu et al. 2011), water infiltration (Ippolito, Laird, and Busscher 2012), and nutrient and water retention capacity (Clough et al. 2013; Ventura et al. 2013) under biochar application is well documented.”
BackgroundClimate-Smart Agriculture Practices for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Zaman, M., Kleineidam, K., Bakken, L. R., Berendt, J., Bracken, C. J., Butterbach‐Bahl, K., Cai, Z., Chang, S. X., Clough, T. J., Dawar, K. M., et al. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_8 · Cited by 20
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Numerical simulation of mass and heat transfer between biochar and sandy soil
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“Karhu et al. (2011) indicated that pores of biochar could increase aeration, porosity and surface area of soils, thus forming favourable environment for methanotrophs.”
BackgroundFidel, R. B. (2012) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-290 · Cited by 18
“The amount of water adsorbed during saturated paste pH measurements could lead to bias in pH measurements (Karhu et al., 2011).”
BackgroundContribution of Biochar in Improving Soil Health
Adekiya, A. O., Olayanju, T. M. A., Ejue, W. S., Alori, E. T., & Adegbite, K. A. (2020) · Soil biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44364-1_6 · Cited by 17
Can application of biochar improve the soil water characteristics of silty loam soil?
Toková, L., Igaz, D., Horák, J., & Aydın, E. (2023) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-023-03505-y · Cited by 17
“Biochar has the potential to increase the soil water retention (Karhu et al. 2011) and the amount of water available to plants (Baronti et al.”
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Characterization of “Chailings”: A Char Created from Coal Tailings
Tremain, P., Zanganeh, J., Hugo, L., Curry, S., & Moghtaderi, B. (2014) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/ef501829f · Cited by 18
Szmigielski, A. M., Hangs, R. D., & Schoenau, J. J. (2017) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-017-2212-5 · Cited by 17
Biochar Amendment Affects Soil Water and CO2 Regime during Capsicum Annuum Plant Growth
Horel, Á., Tóth, E., Gelybó, G., Dencső, M., & Farkas, C. (2019) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy9020058 · Cited by 17
Changes in the Physicochemical Properties of Soil According to Soil Remediation Methods
Yi, Y.-M., Oh, C., Kim, G.-J., Lee, C.-H., & Sung, K. (2012) · Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment · doi:10.7857/jsge.2012.17.4.036 · Cited by 17
“토양의 수분보유능(Water holding capacity)은 식물이 이용할 수 있는 유효수분에 영향을 주게 되며 식물의 생 산성에 영향을 줄 수 있다(Karhu et al, 2011).”
Application Method and Biochar Type Affect Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation in Northern Landfarms
Karppinen, E. M., Siciliano, S. D., & Stewart, K. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2017.01.0038 · Cited by 17
Li, Z., Wang, M., Yang, Y. H., Zhao, S., Zhang, Y., & Wang, X. (2017) · Arid Land Research and Management · doi:10.1080/15324982.2017.1344332 · Cited by 17
“These results are consistent with previous studies of cropland soil (Celik, Ortas, and Kilic 2004; Karhu et al. 2011).”
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Zahid, Z., Iftikhar, S., Ahmad, K. S., & Gul, M. M. (2018) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2018.1546869 · Cited by 19
“Thus, it may increase water availability to plants and also have a beneficial effect on the crop yield (Karhu et al. 2011).”
BackgroundCombination of Biochar with N–Fertilizer Affects Properties of Soil and N2O emissions in Maize Crop
Kotuš, T., Šimanský, V., Drgoňová, K., Illéš, M., Wójcik‐Gront, E., Balashov, E. V., Buchkina, N. P., Aydın, E., & Hořák, J. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12061314 · Cited by 17
Biochar Production from Co-Pyrolysis of Coffee Ground and Native Microalgae Consortium
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“Due to its porous structure (1–100 nm), the biochar could increase water retention capacity in soil [7], and the porous structure could absorb nutrients and it becomes a habitat for microorganisms which is beneficial for plant growth [8].”
Biochar benefits carbon off-setting in blue-green infrastructure soils - A lysimeter study
Wang, J., Manning, D. A. C., Stirling, R. A., López‐Capél, E., & Werner, D. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116639 · Cited by 16
Nematian, M., Ng’ombe, J. N., & Keske, C. M. H. (2023) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03984-6 · Cited by 21
“Additional benefits of biochar as a soil amendment include reduced N 2 O (IPCC, 2013; Karhu et al., 2011; Peters et al., 2015), CO 2 , and CH 4 emissions (Karhu et al., 2011; Spokas & Reicosky, 2009; Zhang et al., 2012).”
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Management of Sodic Waters in Agriculture
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Kanouo, B. M. D., Allaire, S. E., & Munson, A. D. (2019) · International Journal Of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture · doi:10.1007/s40093-019-00292-w · Cited by 17
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Biochar: A Vital Source for Sustainable Agriculture
Chukwuka, K. S., Akanmu, A. O., Umukoro, B. O.-J., Asemoloye, M. D., & Odebode, A. C. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.86568 · Cited by 16
A review on biochar as a potential soil fertility enhancer to agriculture
Kandel, A., Dahal, S., & Mahatara, S. (2021) · Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science · doi:10.26832/24566632.2021.0601014 · Cited by 18
“Biochar has found to increase water holding capacity of soil (Karhu et al., 2011), mainly in sandy soil (Basso et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of Microbial Inoculation on Carbon Preservation during Goat Manure Aerobic Composting
Lu, J., Wang, J., Gao, Q., Li, D., Chen, Z., Wei, Z., Zhang, Y. L., & Wang, F. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26154441 · Cited by 15
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“Likewise, Karhu et al. (2011) reported substantial increase in WHC of the experimental soils due to biochar application.”
BackgroundBiowęgiel odpowiedzią na aktualne problemy ochrony środowiska
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“…biochar, the solid byproduct of biomass pyrolysis, stems primarily from its capacity to improve the soil structure and quality in a wide array of ways; for instance, biochar can improve soil carbon sequestration, soil water-and nutrient-holding capacity, and soil porosity and thus aeration [7–9].”
Backgrounddi Summa, D., Ruscica, G., Savi, P., Pelosato, R., & Sora, I. N. (2021) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-021-02182-0 · Cited by 14
Natural additives contribute to hydrocarbon and heavy metal co-contaminated soil remediation
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“Biochar can absorb water within its pores through capillary action, reducing water transport and enhancing its retention 45 .”
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Cocoa Pod Husk Biochar Reduce Watering Frequency and Increase Cocoa Seedlings Growth
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“The application of biochar improves soil structure [8] and improves the soil’s ability to retain moisture [14,15].”
BackgroundAhmad, I. (2022) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2022.2034848 · Cited by 14
Enhancing Soils of Labrador through Application of Biochar, Fishmeal, and Chemical Fertilizer
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Biochar Effects on Soil Microbial Biomass and Activity
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RETRACTED: Effects of the Application of Biochar in Four Typical Agricultural Soils in China
Wang, H., Ren, T., Feng, Y., Liu, K., Feng, H., Liu, G., & Shi, H. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10030351 · Cited by 13
“As demonstrated by the studies cited above, biochar increases the moisture content of the soil; this may be due to the high total porosity of biochar, which can not only retain water in the pores, thereby increasing the water holding capacity (WHC), but also enable the water to flow from the topsoil to deeper soil lay…”
BackgroundRetractedPurakayastha, T. J., Bhaduri, D., & Singh, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0917-6_11 · Cited by 17
Interactive Effect of Biochar and Bio-Compost on Starting Growth and Physiologic Parameters of Argan
Moussaoui, H. E., & Bouqbis, L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14127270 · Cited by 13
“improves soil aggregate stability and plant available water [17], increases soil water holding capacity [18], increases adsorption efficiency of soil HMs [19], improves the soil physical environment [20] and enhances the productivity and soil enzymatic activities [21].”
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Effect of biochar on Chinese kale and carbon storage in an agricultural area on a high rise building
Wijitkosum, S., & Jiwnok, P. (2019) · AIMS Agriculture and Food · doi:10.3934/agrfood.2019.1.177 · Cited by 14
Qin, J., Long, J., Peng, P.-Q., Huang, J. Y., Tang, S., & Hou, H. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130724 · Cited by 13
Biochar Technology for Sustainable Organic Farming
Oshunsanya, S. O., & Aliku, O. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/61440 · Cited by 15
Adekiya, A. O., Ibaba, A. L., Ogunbode, T. O., & Adedokun, O. D. (2026) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/sci5/5690423 · Cited by 13
Hangs, R. D., & Schoenau, J. J. (2022) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-022-10485-3 · Cited by 12
Dayoub, E. B., Tóth, Z., & Anda, A. (2023) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2023.2256136 · Cited by 13
Daneshvar, S., Mosaddeghi, M. R., & Afyuni, M. (2023) · Geoderma Regional · doi:10.1016/j.geodrs.2023.e00740 · Cited by 12
Long-term charcoal-induced changes to soil properties in temperate regions of northern Iran
Faghih, F., Emadi, M., Sadegh‐Zadeh, F., & Bahmanyar, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-018-0641-6 · Cited by 12
“Castaldi et al. (2011), Karhu et al. (2011) and Mukherjee et al. (2014) showed the negligible effect of charcoal addition on CO2 emission.”
BackgroundBiochar for Soil Water Conservation and Salinization Control in Arid Desert Regions
Yang, X., & Ali, A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811729-3.00009-1 · Cited by 12
Khan, M. M., Fatima, K., Ahmad, R., Younas, R., Rizwan, M., Azam, M., Abadin, Z. U., & Ali, S. (2019) · Arabian Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s12517-019-4734-0 · Cited by 12
Sandy Soil Reclamation Using Biochar and Clay-Rich Soil
Pham, D., Nguyen, H. N., Nguyen, L., Tran, O., Nguyen, A., Dinh, L. P. T., & Vu, N. (2021) · Journal of Ecological Engineering · doi:10.12911/22998993/137445 · Cited by 13
“Biochar amendment increased the WHC of the tested soil by 11% [Karhu et al. 2011].”
BackgroundDhiman, J., Prasher, S. O., ElSayed, E. M., Patel, R. M., Nzediegwu, C., & Mawof, A. (2021) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2021.101730 · Cited by 12
Revitalization of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Remediated by Landfarming
Lee, W., Lee, J., Lee, S., Lee, S., Jeon, J.-H., Lee, S.-H., & Kim, S.-O. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10030147 · Cited by 12
“The water holding capacity (WHC) is the soil moisture content available to plants and directly influences crop productivity [57].”
BackgroundTuyishimire, E., Cui, J., Tang, X., Sun, Z., & Cheng, J. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12030414 · Cited by 12
Biochar for Improvement of Soil Properties
Kumar, A., & Bhattacharya, T. (2023) · Environmental contamination remediation and management · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04931-6_16 · Cited by 12
Abukari, A. (2019) · Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology · doi:10.24925/turjaf.v7i6.888-891.2488 · Cited by 12
Michael, P. S. (2020) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-020-00057-z · Cited by 14
Waterlogging affects the mitigation of soil GHG emissions by biochar amendment in coastal wetland
Yan, Z., Wang, J., Li, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, K., Yan, L., Zhang, X., & Kang, X. (2020) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-020-02705-0 · Cited by 13
Lebrun, M., Miard, F., Nandillon, R., Hattab, N., Léger, J. C., Scippa, G. S., Morabito, D., & Bourgerie, S. (2020) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-020-04942-y · Cited by 12
“Globally, several studies demonstrated biochar application improved the soil water holding capacity (Karhu et al. 2011; Omondi et al. 2016).”
BackgroundDoes Complex Soil Enhance Grain Yield under Cropping System?
Yan, J., & Liu, P. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11081502 · Cited by 12
“Biochar has been shown to increase the soil water holding capacity in the short term [26].”
BackgroundSharifi, M., & Hajiaghaei-Kamrani, M. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1139/cjss-2021-0147 · Cited by 13
“Application of B+Com in vineyard’s alleys where cover crops are sown has the potential to reduce the risk of competition between grapevines and cover crops by improving soil water holding capacity (Karhu et al. 2011; Baronti et al. 2014) and enhancing soil nutrient retention (Clough et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Karhu, K., Mattila, T., Bergström, I., & Regina, K.
- Affiliations
- Finnish Environment Institute (FI)
- Agrifood Research Finland (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Karhu, Kristiina
- Venue
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 309-313
- ISSN
- 0167-8809 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059577926
- Cited by
- 941
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 67.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (publishedVersion)
- Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Soil and Unsaturated Flow
- Keywords
- biochar, agricultural soils, methane uptake, soil methane flux, nitrous oxide emissions, CO2 emissions, soil water holding capacity, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, biogenic carbon storage, soil amendment, drought
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