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Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity – Results from a short-term pilot field study
Abstract
Biochar addition to agricultural soil has been suggested to mitigate climate change through increased biogenic carbon storage and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. We measured the fluxes of N₂O, CO₂, and CH₄ after adding 9tha⁻¹ biochar on an agricultural soil in Southern Finland in May 2009. We conducted these measurements twice a week for 1.5 months, between sowing and canopy closure, to capture the period of highest N₂O emissions, where the potential for mitigation would also be highest. Biochar addition increased CH₄ uptake (96% increase in the average cumulative CH₄ uptake), but no statistically significant differences were observed in the CO₂ and N₂O emissions between the biochar amended and control plots. Added biochar increased soil water holding capacity by 11%. Further studies are needed to clarify whether this may help balance fluctuations in water availability to plants in the future climate with more frequent drought periods.
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“In a field study with Birch (Betula spp.) biochar incorporated into a silt loam soil in Finland, biochar addition increased water-holding capacity by 11% compared to the unamended control (Karhu et al., 2011).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Karhu et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“However, the effects of biochar addition on CH 4 and N 2 O were inconsistent and have shown variability with crop and soil types, site condition, and the origin of the biochar (Karhu et al., 2011;Kimetu and Lehmann, 2010;Lehmann et al., 2011b;Spokas et al., 2009;Zimmerman et al., 2011).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Karhu et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition to the beneficial effects of drawing CO 2 from the atmosphere, biochar application was reported to decrease emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O from soils (Cavigelli and Robertson, 2001;Karhu et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2011;Rogovska et al., 2011;Rondon et al., 2006Rondon et al., , 2005;;Zhang et al., 2012a).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Karhu et al., 2011
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“Although a number of studies have shown that biochar can reduce N2O emissions (Lehmann et al., 2006; Spokas et al., 2009; Atkinson, 2010; Cayuela et al., 2010; Sohi et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010), others have not confirmed this effect (Karhu et al., 2011; Scheer et al., 2011).”
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Zhou, J., Yue, S., Liu, Q., Xiang, Z., Song, J., Bao, S., Guo, B., & Shen, Y. (2024) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.1002/agj2.21711 · Cited by 5
Udall, D., Rayns, F., & Charlesworth, S. M. (2017) · Pure (Coventry University) · Cited by 5
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Burg, P., Mašán, V., Čížková, A., & Badalíková, B. (2019) · Engineering for Rural Development · doi:10.22616/erdev2019.18.n263 · Cited by 5
Greenhouse Gas Emissions according to Application of Biochar by Soil Type in the Closed Chamber
Lee, J.-M., Park, D.-G., Kang, S.-S., Choi, E.-J., Gwon, H.-S., Lee, H., & Lee, S.-I. (2021) · 한국토양비료학회지 · doi:10.7745/kjssf.2021.54.4.451 · Cited by 5
“, 2008; Lehmann and Joseph, 2009), 온실가스 배출 량 평가 (Karhu et al., 2011; Aguilar-Chavez et al., 2012; Troy et al., 2013), 작물 생육에 초점을 맞추어 연구되어 왔 다 (Dong et al.”
Iskandar, T., & Fitri, A. C. K. (2018) · JAST Jurnal Aplikasi Sains dan Teknologi · doi:10.33366/jast.v2i2.1109 · Cited by 5
“Selain itu berperan juga sebagai pengikat karbon dan mempunyai pengaruh yang menguntungkan pada sifat tanah, seperti meningkatkan kapasitas menahan air [2], memacu KTK dan KB, maupun menambahkan unsur hara untuk memperbaiki serapan hara oleh tanaman [3].”
BackgroundBiochar for Reclamation of Saline Soils
Mona, S., Bhateria, R., Deepak, B., Kiran, B., & Rani, N. (2019) · Soil biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18975-4_20 · Cited by 5
Biochar Application for Greenhouse Gases Mitigation
Demir, Ö. (2019) · Green energy and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20637-6_2 · Cited by 5
Biochar: A Sustainable Product for Remediation of Contaminated Soils
Sajjad, A., Jabeen, F., Farid, M., Fatima, Q., Akbar, A., Ali, Q., Hussain, I., Iftikhar, U., Farid, S., & Ishaq, H. K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2172-0_30 · Cited by 5
Li, X., Gao, N., Yuan, F., & Huang, L. (2024) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2024.102966 · Cited by 4
Restoring soil health from long-term intensive Robusta coffee cultivation in Vietnam: “a review”
Van, L. N., Quang, D. N., Herrmann, L., Enez, A., Bräu, L., Nguyen, V. C., Katz, M., & Lesueur, D. (2025) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-025-01023-4 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, reactive functional groups on the biochar surface can absorb and detoxify heavy metals (Li et al 2017; Zhao et al 2017), and biochar mitigates climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Karhu et al 2011).”
Efficacy of vermicompost and biochar on the growth and yield of green cabbage
Hassan, N., Solaiman, A. H. M., Arefin, A., Islam, R., & Hayder, S. (2021) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology · doi:10.3329/aajbb.v6i2.56142 · Cited by 4
“Biochar being a carbon sequester, has several beneficial effects on soil properties, such as increased water holding capacity (Karhu et al., 2011), enhanced cation exchange capacity (CEC) as well as base saturation (BS) (Yuan and Xu, 2011), In addition to this, vermicompost alters both nutritional…”
BackgroundOliferchuk, V., Fedorovych, D. V., Samarska, M., Bunetskyi, V., Samborskyy, M., Kachor, A., Kurylenko, O. O., Olejniuk-Puchniak, O., Kendzora, N., & Hotsii, N. (2022) · Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology · doi:10.12912/27197050/152522 · Cited by 8
“Introduced into soil, it may contribute to increased water capacity of the site and lead to decrease in soil acidification [Karhu et al., 2011].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Biochar and Animal Manure on Soil Properties, Yield, and Quality of Crops
Saidia, P. S. (2023) · Sustainable materials and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4120-7_7 · Cited by 5
Water retention in sandy soils of different origins with the addition of biochar
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Liu, X., Chen, B., Garg, A., Song, X., & Satyam, N. D. (2024) · Indian geotechnical journal · doi:10.1007/s40098-024-01063-9 · Cited by 4
Utilization of Thermal-Activated Coal Gangue to Enhance the Properties of Sandy Soil Composites
Fan, W., Liu, R., Zhang, R., Chen, X., Li, J., Zhang, A., Qian, J., Gu, Z., & Wang, J. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15020817 · Cited by 4
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Walkiewicz, A., Dong, W., & Hu, C. (2023) · International Agrophysics · doi:10.31545/intagr/171427 · Cited by 4
Mechanism of carbon deposition within char derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch
Rozhan, A. N., Hairin, A. L. N., Salleh, H. M., & Purwanto, H. (2019) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5089308 · Cited by 4
Biochar Amended Soils and Water Systems: Investigation of Physical and Structural Properties
Baiamonte, G., Crescimanno, G., Parrino, F., & PASQUALE, C. D. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112412108 · Cited by 5
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Impacts of Biochar in Different Sizes on Sandy Soil Physical and Biological Properties
Hammam, A., & Mohamed, W. (2018) · Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering /Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering · doi:10.21608/jssae.2018.35669 · Cited by 4
“In agreement with our results water-holding capacity of medium textured, boreal agricultural soil was increased by 11% with biochar addition (Karhu et al. 2011).”
ResultImran, I., & Amanullah, A. (2019) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0159.v1 · Cited by 4
“This might be due to the release of organically bound P in organic sources released by soil micro-organism and might have exerted significant effect on soil P content (Jones and Healey, 2010; Joseph et al., 2010; Karhu et al., 2011 and Khan et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSoftwood biochar as a soil amendment material for boreal agriculture
Tammeorg, P. (2014) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 4
Foliar methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in Salix bebbiana respond to light and soil factors
Karim, M. R., Halim, M. A., & Thomas, S. C. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02453-4 · Cited by 3
“Enhanced soil aeration under biochar amendment may increase CH 4 oxidation and reduce CH 4 production 27 .”
Haokip, I. C., Devi, M. H., Tasung, A., Sunil, B. H., Srivastava, S. K., & Gadi, Y. (2025) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2025.2557380 · Cited by 4
“As the bulk density is inversely related to porosity, a decrease in bulk density due to biochar applications significantly leads to increases in total porosity (Karhu et al. 2011; Peake, Reid, and Tang 2014).”
Cutting-edge identification of carbon negative technology using patent analysis
Li, X., Gao, N., Ding, R., & Huang, L. (2025) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.103112 · Cited by 3
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Perspective Chapter: Conservation and Enhancement of Soil Health for Sustainable Agriculture
Ramteke, P., Gabhane, V. V., Kadu, P., Kharche, V. K., & Ghosh, S. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1000869 · Cited by 3
Zhang, Z., Satpathy, A., Morris, K., RoyChowdhury, A., Datta, R., & Sarkar, D. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14219723 · Cited by 3
Variable rate precision application of feedlot cattle manure mitigates soil greenhouse gas emissions
Hangs, R. D., Schoenau, J. J., Knight, J. D., & Farrell, R. E. (2025) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117172 · Cited by 5
Leveraging Biochar Amendments to Enhance Food Security and Plant Resilience Under Climate Change
Korai, S. K., Korai, P. K., Jaffar, M. A., Qasim, M., Younas, M. U., Shabaan, M., Zulfiqar, U., Wang, X., & Artyszak, A. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14131984 · Cited by 5
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The influence of pistachio shell biochar and barley residues on soil properties
Mashyekhi, R., Emami, H., & Asl, F. N. (2020) · Polish Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.17951/pjss.2020.53.1.21 · Cited by 3
“When biochar was added to the soil, there was a significant increase in water retention capacity of the soil (Glaser et al. 2002, Lehmann et al. 2003, Karhu et al. 2011, Zhang and You 2013, Tammeorg et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSustainable production and applications of biochar in circular bioeconomy
Cheng, D., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Pandey, A., & Varjani, S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89855-3.00013-3 · Cited by 4
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“…in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. amendment, improvements in crop yields and soil fertility (Atkinson, Fitzgerald and Hipps, 2010; Ding et al., 2016) and reductions in emissions of N2O and CH4 from crop fields have been observed (Cayuela et al., 2014; Karhu et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Soil Environment of Abandoned Charcoal Kiln Platforms in a Low-Altitude Central European Forest
Kučera, A., Holík, L., Knott, R., Adamec, Z., Volánek, J., & Bajer, A. (2022) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f14010029 · Cited by 3
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Crop waste conversion into biochar: an overview
Labanya, R., Sahu, P., Mandal, S., Singh, S. V., & Meena, R. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15506-2.00027-4 · Cited by 3
Biochar-led methanogenic and methanotrophic microbial community shift: mitigating methane emissions
Nandipamu, T. M. K., Nayak, P., Chaturvedi, S., Dhyani, V. C., Sharma, R., & Tharayil, N. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15506-2.00014-6 · Cited by 3
Nitrous Oxide and Methane Fluxes from Smallholder Farms: A Scoping Study in the Anjeni Watershed
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“[18] in Finland with colder temperatures and Zhang et al.”
BackgroundPossibilities tostabilize organic matter in soil using various biochars
Qayyum, M. F. (2012) · Cited by 3
Setiawati, E., Prijono, S., Mardiana, D., & Soemarno, S. (2019) · Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan · doi:10.21776/ub.jtsl.2019.006.2.6 · Cited by 2
Forced Aerated Poultry Compost Effects on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Lettuce Plant Growth
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Biochar Role in Soil Carbon Stabilization and Crop Productivity
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Raul, C., Prakash, S., Lenka, S., & Bharti, V. S. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Biology · doi:10.22438/jeb/42/5/mrn-1702 · Cited by 3
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“It’s also among the top-ranking pulses in terms of area coverage and highly preferred by Ethiopian farmers because of its fast maturing and cultivated in most of the agro-ecological zones of low and mid altitude areas of Ethiopia [60-63].”
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“Given its large pore volume and high water-holding capacity, biochar presents a promising option for improving bedding conditions [9–11].”
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Physicochemical Properties of Biochar Produced from Grapevine-Pruning Residues of 12 Cultivars
Cvitan, D., Anđelini, D., Prelac, M., Javed, Q., Užila, Z., Pasković, I., Major, N., Černe, M., Ban, S. G., Bubola, M., et al. (2025) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae12010004 · Cited by 2
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“This can be attributed to the increase in soil water retention with biochar application (Karhu et al., 2011) which is incredibly important during drought.”
BackgroundEseyin, A. E., Uzoeshi, T., Gungshik, J. R., Gungshik, J. R., Ankwai, G. E., Ankwai, G. E., Ibrahim, M. T., & Ibrahim, M. T. (2021) · International Journal of Advanced Chemistry · doi:10.14419/ijac.v9i2.31787 · Cited by 2
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Raj, A., Karol, A., Shaji, A., Pandey, R., & Gupta, H. (2023) · International Journal of Environment and Climate Change · doi:10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102817 · Cited by 4
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Biochar as climate-smart strategy to address climate change mitigation and adoption in 21st century
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Biochar for Climate Change Mitigation and Ameliorating Soil Health—A Review
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Hiền, T. T. T., Shinogi, Y., Mishra, A., & Viet, D. D. (2017) · Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University · doi:10.5109/1854023 · Cited by 2
Biochar A Source of C Sink and Soil Health-A Review
Sharma, P., Abrol, V., Sharma, N., & Anand, S. (2018) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.408 · Cited by 2
Medvedeff, C. A. (2012) · Cited by 2
Biochar: A Tool for Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Mitigation
Sharma, V. A. P., Chary, S. A. R., Samnotra, T. N. V. K. V. P. R. K., & Khenrab, S. (2021) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1008.080 · Cited by 2
“Most research findings point to the improvement of soil bulk density with biochar application (Karhu et al., 2011, Masulili et al., 2010); water-holding capacity also increased (Karhu et al., 2011).”
Hariyono, B., Dinarsih, R. V., & Utomo, W. H. (2022) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012086 · Cited by 2
Luo, Z., & Zhou, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6431-0_27-2 · Cited by 2
Farklı Organik Düzenleyicilerin Toprak Nem Sabiteleri Ve Hidrolik İletkenlik Üzerine Etkisi
Zekeriya, K. A. R. A., Saltalı, K., Çokkızgın, A., Girgel, Ü., Çölkesen, M., & Yürürdurmaz, C. (2022) · MAS Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.52520/masjaps.v7i2id170 · Cited by 2
Ma, X., Lv, M., Huang, F., Zhang, P., Cai, T., & Jia, Z. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12101704 · Cited by 2
AmiriMijan, F., Shirani, H., Esfandiarpour, I., Besalatpour, A. A., & Shekofteh, H. (2019) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22059/jdesert.2019.72447 · Cited by 2
Effect of Durian Shell (DS) Biochar on Growth and Yield of Field Grown Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
Bahrun, A., Nur, R. Y., Santoso, E., Afa, L. O., Safuan, L. O., & MUHIDIN, M. (2020) · Asian Journal of Crop Science · doi:10.3923/ajcs.2020.43.50 · Cited by 4
Stańczyk-Mazanek, E., Szwaja, S., Włodarczyk‐Makuła, M., & Kępa, U. (2020) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.5004/dwt.2020.25654 · Cited by 2
Chaganti, V. N. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 2
Biochar properties and impact on soil CO2 and N2O emissions
Fidel, R. B. (2015) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-4398 · Cited by 2
Biochar Effect on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Bermudagrass Growth
Nystrom, E. T. (2015) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 2
Cervera, C. H. (2017) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-112421 · Cited by 2
Enhancement of Soil Physical Properties and Soil Water Retention Using Biochar-Based Soil AmendmentPreprint
Kang, M. W., Yibeltal, M., Kim, Y. H., Oh, S. J., Lee, J. C., Kwon, E. E., & Lee, S. S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4052476 · Cited by 2
Behavior of Biochar on Alkaline Soil and its Impact on Tomato Growth and Productivity
Hammam, A. (2019) · Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering /Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering · doi:10.21608/jssae.2019.36662 · Cited by 1
“Also, application of biochar resulted in increasing soil WHC depending on its ability to retain water as an organic amendment and in soil pores with capillary forces (Tryon, 1948; Karhu et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEffects of Different Media Composition on Growth and Productivity of Oryza sativa L.
Pratiwi, D. E., Isbindra, M. A. H., Fachrudin, A. R., Sasita, L. D. N., Manurung, R., & Abduh, M. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.3923/ijar.2020.9.18 · Cited by 1
Challenges of Biochar Usages in Arid Soils: A Case Study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Alaboudi, K. A. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.92710 · Cited by 1
Biochar for the Improvement of Crop Production
Singh, J., Soni, S. K., & Ranjan, R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4090-5_13 · Cited by 1
Lee, D.-J., Choi, Y.-B., Kim, J. Y., Park, J., Park, J. H., Kim, H.-B., Kim, K. Y., Kim, J. K., & Kwon, E. E. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.161496 · Cited by 1
Application of Biochar for Salinity Stress Management of Crop Plants
Hossain, A., Aonti, A. J., Rahman, M. M., Kabir, M. P., Ahmed, B., & Haq, M. I. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0425-1_9 · Cited by 1
Liman, A. H., Darapuneni, M. K., Angadi, S. V., Idowu, O. J., Steiner, R. L., & Lauriault, L. M. (2025) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2025.2561034 · Cited by 1
“Biochar is applied as a soil amendment to augment crop water use efficiency (Abbruzzini et al. 2019; Bohara et al. 2019; Jeffery et al. 2017), crop growth, and yield (Cho et al. 2023; Saudy et al. 2021) and nutritional quality (Basso et al. 2012; Faloye et al. 2019; Karhu et al. 2011).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Karhu, K., Mattila, T., Bergström, I., & Regina, K.
- Affiliations
- Finnish Environment Institute (FI)
- Agrifood Research Finland (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Karhu, Kristiina
- Venue
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 309-313
- ISSN
- 0167-8809 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059577926
- Cited by
- 941
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 67.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (publishedVersion)
- Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Soil and Unsaturated Flow
- Keywords
- biochar, agricultural soils, methane uptake, soil methane flux, nitrous oxide emissions, CO2 emissions, soil water holding capacity, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, biogenic carbon storage, soil amendment, drought
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