Addressing the soil carbon dilemma: Legumes in intensified rotations regenerate soil carbon while maintaining yields in semi-arid dryland wheat farms
Open accessAbstract
Semi-arid regions support the majority of global wheat production, but they are threatened by continued soil erosion and increased risk of drought and extreme temperatures from climate change. Enhancing soil organic matter (SOM) is a key adaptation strategy for sustaining agriculture in these regions because it can improve water retention and nutrient cycling. When seeking to increase SOM, growers face a dilemma, known as the ‘soil carbon (C) dilemma’ (Janzen, 2006): How can SOM be increased, while also increasing the release of nutrients that accompanies decomposition? Our observational study examined whether growers could address this dilemma through intensification with diverse grain crops. We specifically tested whether incorporating legumes into a continuous rotation influences the form and amount of SOM as well as productivity in farms of the central Great Plains region of the U.S. by contrasting three, no-till rotation systems: 1) conventional wheat-fallow; 2) continuous grain-only rotations, and 3) continuous grain rotations that incorporate a legume crop. We sampled on-farm fields and experimental agricultural research station plots that had received one of these rotations for at least eight years. We compared yield, soil organic C (SOC), and nitrogen (N) stocks in bulk soil to 1 m, as well as SOC and N in particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) in surface soils (0–10 cm) among the different rotations. We also estimated the long-term effects of the rotations on SOC fractions through a simulation of each rotation with the MEMS 1.0 model, verified with measured data. We found that intensifying the rotation with continuous grains led to 1.5-fold increase in aggregate size but did not change SOC stocks. Incorporating a legume to the continuous grain rotation resulted in 1 Mg C ha-1 more SOC on average in surface soil compared to wheat-fallow rotations. No significant soil changes among rotations were observed at depth. Longer-term simulations of these cropping systems suggest that including legumes could allow for 10% greater SOC gains over time compared to wheat-fallow. Since legume incorporation also increased crop yields across the full rotation cycle, our results support our hypothesis that growers can solve the ‘soil C dilemma’ by simultaneously increasing the quantity and N-content of soil input through continuous cropping with both grains and legumes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Van der Pol et al. (2022) found that converting a fallow-grain crop rotation to a continuous grain crop rotation increased grain yield and SOC stocks only when a legume crop was also included in the rotation.
“This was affirmed by another recent study (van der Pol et al., 2022), who found that converting a fallow- grain crop rotation to a continuous grain crop rotation increased grain yield and SOC stocks only when a legume crop was also included in the rotation (enhancing inputs from biological N 2 fixation).”
From Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon (2023) · cites this paper as van der Pol et al., 2022
The Abstract reports that continuous grains without legumes did not change SOC stocks, while adding a legume increased surface-soil SOC relative to wheat–fallow. But section 4.2 says annualized crop yields increased under both continuous rotations, so the claim that yield increased only with a legume is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using <b>lme4</b>
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01 · Cited by 86,835 · see citing works
<b>lmerTest</b> Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v082.i13 · Cited by 24,346 · see citing works
Jelínek, Z. (2013) · doi:10.1007/3-540-31211-0_2 · Cited by 7,015
Cotrufo, M. F., Wallenstein, M. D., Boot, C. M., Denef, K., & Paul, E. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12113 · Cited by 3,552 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection of Influential Observation in Linear Regression
Cook, R. (2000) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.2000.10485981 · Cited by 3,448
Six, J., Elliott, E. T., & Paustian, K. (2000) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(00)00179-6 · Cited by 3,397 · see citing works
The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage
Liang, C., Schimel, J. P., & Jastrow, J. D. (2017) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.105 · Cited by 3,320 · see citing works
Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates
Zhao, C., Liu, B., Piao, S., Wang, X., Lobell, D. B., Huang, Y., Huang, M., Yao, Y., Bassu, S., Ciais, P., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1701762114 · Cited by 3,311 · see citing works
Lavallee, J. M., Soong, J. L., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14859 · Cited by 2,477 · see citing works
Self-citationMinasny, B., Malone, B. P., McBratney, A. B., Angers, D. A., Arrouays, D., Chambers, A., Chaplot, V., Chen, Z.-S., Cheng, K., Das, B. S., et al. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.002 · Cited by 2,239 · see citing works
Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss
Cotrufo, M. F., Soong, J. L., Horton, A. J., Campbell, E. E., Haddix, M. L., Wall, D. H., & Parton, W. J. (2015) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2520 · Cited by 1,874 · see citing works
Self-citationIs soil carbon mostly root carbon? Mechanisms for a specific stabilisation
Rasse, D. P., Rumpel, C., & Dignac, M.-F. (2005) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-004-0907-y · Cited by 1,861 · see citing works
Mineral–Organic Associations: Formation, Properties, and Relevance in Soil Environments
Kleber, M., Eusterhues, K., Keiluweit, M., Mikutta, C., Mikutta, R., & Nico, P. (2014) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2014.10.005 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works
The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO 2 sink
Ahlström, A., Raupach, M., Schurgers, G., Smith, B., Arneth, A., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Jain, A. K., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa1668 · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes
De Deyn, G. B., Cornelissen, J. H. C., & Bardgett, R. D. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.x · Cited by 1,431 · see citing works
Halekoh, U., & Højsgaard, S. (2014) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v059.i09 · Cited by 1,324 · see citing works
Harris, D., Horwath, W., & van Kessel, C. (2001) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2001.1853 · Cited by 1,283 · see citing works
The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions
Bossio, D. A., Cook-Patton, S. C., Ellis, P. W., Fargione, J., Sanderman, J., Smith, P., Wood, S., Zomer, R. J., von Unger, M., Emmer, I. M., et al. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works
Plant- or microbial-derived? A review on the molecular composition of stabilized soil organic matter
Angst, G., Mueller, K. E., Nierop, K. G. J., & Simpson, M. J. (2021) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108189 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses
Drinkwater, L. E., Wagoner, P., & Sarrantonio, M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/24376 · Cited by 1,186 · see citing works
Decoupling of soil nutrient cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands
Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., Maestre, F. T., Gallardo, A., Bowker, M. A., Wallenstein, M. D., Quero, J. L., Ochoa, V., Gozalo, B., García‐Gómez, M., Soliveres, S., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12670 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to evaluate models : Observed vs. predicted or predicted vs. observed?
Piñeiro, G., Perelman, S., Guerschman, J., & Paruelo, J. (2008) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.006 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Mooshammer, M., Wanek, W., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., & Richter, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00022 · Cited by 883
Sokol, N. W., Sanderman, J., & Bradford, M. A. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14482 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Powlson, D. S., Whitmore, A. P., & Goulding, K. W. T. (2011) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01342.x · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem
Tiemann, L. K., Grandy, A. S., Atkinson, E. E., Marín-Spiotta, E., & McDaniel, M. D. (2015) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12453 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Constructing Confidence Sets Using Rank Statistics
Bauer, D. (1972) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1972.10481279 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of soil carbon
Neff, J. C., Townsend, A. R., Gleixner, G., Lehman, S. J., Turnbull, J. C., & Bowman, W. D. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01136 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Global meta-analysis of the relationship between soil organic matter and crop yields
Oldfield, E. E., Bradford, M. A., & Wood, S. A. (2019) · SOIL · doi:10.5194/soil-5-15-2019 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Jensen, E. S., Peoples, M. B., Boddey, R. M., Gresshoff, P. M., Hauggaard‐Nielsen, H., Alves, B. J. R., & Morrison, M. J. (2011) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Castellano, M. J., Mueller, K. E., Olk, D. C., Sawyer, J. E., & Six, J. (2015) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12982 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Bolinder, M. A., Janzen, H. H., Gregorich, E. G., Angers, D. A., & VandenBygaart, A. J. (2006) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.013 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Pedogenic carbonates: Forms and formation processes
Zamanian, K., Pustovoytov, K. E., & Kuzyakov, Y. V. (2016) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.03.003 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Gaudinski, J., Trumbore, S., Davidson, E., & Zheng, S.-H. (2000) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1006301010014 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Inorganic Carbon Analysis by Modified Pressure-Calcimeter Method
Sherrod, L., Dunn, G., Peterson, G., & Kolberg, R. (2002) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2002.2990 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Different climate sensitivity of particulate and mineral-associated soil organic matter
Lugato, E., Lavallee, J. M., Haddix, M. L., Panagos, P., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2021) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00744-x · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands
Soussana, J.-F., Soussana, J.-F., Loiseau, P., Vuichard, N., Ceschia, E., Balesdent, J., Chevallier, T., & Arrouays, D. (2004) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1079/sum2003234 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Cotrufo, M. F., & Lavallee, J. M. (2022) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2021.11.002 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Self-citationLegume versus fertilizer sources of nitrogen: ecological tradeoffs and human needs
Crews, T., & Peoples, M. (2004) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.018 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Bowles, T. M., Mooshammer, M., Socolar, Y., Calderón, F., Cavigelli, M. A., Culman, S. W., Deen, W., Drury, C. F., Garcia y Garcia, A., Gaudin, A. C. M., et al. (2020) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.02.007 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Nitrogen limitation of decomposition and decay: How can it occur?
Averill, C., & Waring, B. G. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13980 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Plant rhizodeposition: A key factor for soil organic matter formation in stable fractions
Villarino, S. H., Pinto, P., Jackson, R. B., & Piñeiro, G. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd3176 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
The soil carbon dilemma: Shall we hoard it or use it?
Janzen, H. H. (2006) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.10.008 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Rocci, K. S., Lavallee, J. M., Stewart, C. E., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148569 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Self-citationBreak crops and rotations for wheat
Angus, J. F., Kirkegaard, J. A., Hunt, J., Ryan, M. H., Ohlander, L., & Peoples, M. B. (2015) · Australian Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1071/cp14252 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Galdo, I. D., Six, J., Peressotti, A., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2003) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00657.x · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobial physiology and necromass regulate agricultural soil carbon accumulation
Kallenbach, C. M., Grandy, A. S., Frey, S. D., & Diefendorf, A. F. (2015) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.09.005 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Wilpiszeski, R. L., Aufrecht, J., Retterer, S., Sullivan, M., Graham, D., Pierce, E., Zablocki, O., Palumbo, A., & Elias, D. A. (2019) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00324-19 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Magnitude and farm-economic value of grain legume pre-crop benefits in Europe: A review
Preißel, S., Reckling, M., Schläfke, N., & Zander, P. M. (2015) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.01.012 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Changes in soil carbon under long-term maize in monoculture and legume-based rotation
Gregorich, E. G., Drury, C. F., & Baldock, J. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.4141/s00-041 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Mean squared error of prediction as a criterion for evaluating and comparing system models
Wallach, D., & Goffinet, B. (1989) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/0304-3800(89)90035-5 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Baisden, W. T., Amundson, R., Cook, A. C., & Brenner, D. L. (2002) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2001gb001822 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Precipitation use efficiency as affected by cropping and tillage systems
Peterson, G. A., Schlegel, A., Tanaka, D., & Jones, O. R. (1996) · jpa · doi:10.2134/jpa1996.0180 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Role of nitrogen fertilization in sustaining organic matter in cultivated soils.
Ladha, J., Reddy, C. K., Padre, A., & van Kessel, C. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0064 · Cited by 266
Crop rotations for increased soil carbon: perenniality as a guiding principle
King, A. E., & Blesh, J. (2017) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.1648 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Trivedi, P., Rochester, I. J., Trivedi, C., Nostrand, J. D. V., Zhou, J. Z., Karunaratne, S. B., Anderson, I. C., & Singh, B. K. (2015) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.034 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The global significance of omitting soil erosion from soil organic carbon cycling schemes
Chappell, A., Baldock, J., & Sanderman, J. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2829 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Estimating shoot to root ratios and annual carbon inputs in soils for cereal crops
Bolinder, M., Angers, D., & Dubuc, J. (1997) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01121-8 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Root Exudates Induce Soil Macroaggregation Facilitated by Fungi in Subsoil
Baumert, V. L., Vasilyeva, N., Vladimirov, A., Meier, I. C., Kögel‐Knabner, I., & Mueller, C. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2018.00140 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Whole‐Profile Soil Carbon Stocks: The Danger of Assuming Too Much from Analyses of Too Little
Kravchenko, A. N., & Robertson, G. P. (2011) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0076 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Storage and Turnover of Organic Matter in Soil
Torn, M. S., Swanston, C. W., Castanha, C., & Trumbore, S. E. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470494950.ch6 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Research achievements and adoption of no-till, dryland cropping in the semi-arid U.S. Great Plains
Hansen, N., Allen, B., Baumhardt, R., & Lyon, D. (2012) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2012.02.021 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Unifying soil organic matter formation and persistence frameworks: the MEMS model
Robertson, A. D., Paustian, K. H., Ogle, S. M., Wallenstein, M. D., Lugato, E., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2019) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-16-1225-2019 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationStimulation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage by nitrogen addition: a meta-analysis
Yue, K., Peng, Y., Peng, C. H., Yang, W., Peng, X., & Wu, F. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep19895 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Carbon management in dryland agricultural systems. A review
Plaza‐Bonilla, D., Arrúe, J. L., Cantero‐Martínez, C., Fanlo, R., Iglesias, A., & Álvaro‐Fuentes, J. (2015) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-015-0326-x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Mosier, S., Apfelbaum, S., Byck, P., Calderon, F., Teague, R., Thompson, R., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112409 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationBernal, B., McKinley, D. C., Hungate, B. A., White, P. M., Mozdzer, T. J., & Megonigal, J. P. (2016) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.04.007 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Haddix, M. L., Paul, E. A., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2016) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13237 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationAccounting for soil carbon sequestration in national inventories: a soil scientist’s perspective
Sanderman, J., & Baldock, J. (2010) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034003 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Heenan, D., Chan, K., & Knight, P. (2003) · doi:10.1016/j.still.2003.08.005 · Cited by 158
Combined role of no-tillage and cropping systems in soil carbon stocks and stabilization
Conceição, P. C., Dieckow, J., & Bayer, C. (2013) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2013.01.006 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Gill, R., Burke, I., Milchunas, D., & Lauenroth, W. (1999) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s100219900070 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Li, J., Zhang, X., Luo, J., Lindsey, S. B., Zhou, F., Xie, H., Li, Y., Zhu, P., Wang, L., Shi, Y., et al. (2020) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107967 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Model goodness-of-fit analysis using regression and related techniques
Smith, E., & Rose, K. (1995) · doi:10.1016/0304-3800(93)e0074-d · Cited by 143
Post-harvest residue input to cropland
Buyanovsky, G., & Wagner, G. H. (1986) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf02377145 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Beniston, J. W., DuPont, S. T., Glover, J. D., Lal, R., & Dungait, J. A. J. (2014) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-014-9980-3 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Influence of fragmentation and bioturbation on the decomposition of 14C-labelled beech leaf litter
Scheu, S., & Wolters, V. (1991) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0038-0717(91)90039-m · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Grain Legumes in Northern Great Plains : Impacts on Selected Biological Soil Processes
Lupwayi, N., & Kennedy, A. C. (2007) · doi:10.2134/agronj2006.0313s · Cited by 139
Impact of Sampling Depth on Differences in Soil Carbon Stocks in Long‐Term Agroecosystem Experiments
VandenBygaart, A. J., Bremer, E., McConkey, B. G., Ellert, B. H., Janzen, H. H., Angers, D. A., Carter, M. R., Drury, C. F., Lafond, G. P., & McKenzie, R. H. (2010) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0099 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Natural and Human Dimensions of Land Degradation in Drylands: Causes and Consequences
Reynolds, J. F., Maestre, F. T., Kemp, P. R., Stafford-Smith, D. M., & Lambin, É. F. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32730-1_20 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Contemporary Evidence of Soil Carbon Loss in the U.S. Corn Belt
Senthilkumar, S., Basso, B., Kravchenko, A., & Robertson, G. P. (2009) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2009.0044 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Koohafkan, P. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849773744 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Diversified cropping systems support greater microbial cycling and retention of carbon and nitrogen
King, A. E., & Hofmockel, K. (2017) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.01.040 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Lavallee, J. M., Robertson, A. D., Even, R., Ogle, S. M., Paustian, K. H., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-18-3147-2021 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationA new conceptual model on the fate and controls of fresh and pyrolized plant litter decomposition
Soong, J. L., Parton, W. J., Calderón, F. J., Campbell, E. E., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2015) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-015-0079-2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes long-term center-pivot irrigation increase soil carbon stocks in semi-arid agro-ecosystems?
Denef, K., Stewart, C. E., Brenner, J., & Paustian, K. (2008) · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.03.002 · Cited by 109
Plaza-Bonilla, D., Nolot, J., Raffaillac, D., & Justes, E. (2017) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2016.05.010 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Singh, M., Sarkar, B., Biswas, B., Churchman, J., & Bolan, N. (2016) · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.005 · Cited by 103
King, A. E., Congreves, K. A., Deen, B., Dunfield, K. E., Voroney, R. P., & Wagner‐Riddle, C. (2019) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.04.019 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Samson, M.-É., Chantigny, M. H., Vanasse, A., Menasseri‐Aubry, S., & Angers, D. A. (2020) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107935 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Fulton‐Smith, S., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2019) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12598 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationCapacity for increasing soil organic carbon stocks in dryland agricultural systems
Hoyle, F. C., D’Antuono, M. F., Overheu, T. D., & Murphy, D. V. (2013) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr12373 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Lawrence, C., Beem-Miller, J., Hoyt, A., Monroe, G., Sierra, C., Stoner, S. W., Heckman, K., Blankinship, J., Crow, S., McNicol, G., et al. (2020) · Earth System Science Data · doi:10.5194/essd-12-61-2020 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Soil carbon sequestration potential in semi-arid grasslands in the Conservation Reserve Program
Li, C., Fultz, L. M., Moore‐Kucera, J., Acosta‐Martínez, V., Horita, J., Strauss, R. E., Zak, J. C., Calderón, F. J., & Weindorf, D. C. (2017) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.01.032 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Long‐Term Tillage and Cropping Sequence Effects on Dryland Residue and Soil Carbon Fractions
Sainju, U. M., Caesar‐TonThat, T., Lenssen, A. W., Evans, R. G., & Kolberg, R. L. (2007) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2006.0433 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Intensifying rotations increases soil carbon, fungi, and aggregation in semi-arid agroecosystems
Rosenzweig, S. T., Fonte, S. J., & Schipanski, M. E. (2018) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.01.016 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationPoffenbarger, H., Olk, D. C., Cambardella, C. A., Kersey, J., Liebman, M., Mallarino, A. P., Six, J., & Castellano, M. J. (2019) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2019.106810 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Soil organic carbon stocks on long-term agroecosystem experiments in Canada
VandenBygaart, A. J., Bremer, E., McConkey, B. G., Janzen, H. H., Angers, D. A., Carter, M. R., Drury, C. F., Lafond, G. P., & McKenzie, R. H. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.4141/cjss10028 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Zeller, B., & Dambrine, É. (2011) · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.019 · Cited by 57
Factors Affecting the Accumulation and Loss of Nitrogen and Organic Carbon in Cropped Soils 1
Salter, R., & Green, T. C. (1933) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj1933.00021962002500090010x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Crow, S., Filley, T., McCormick, M., Szlavecz, K., Stott, D., Gamblin, D., & Conyers, G. (2009) · doi:10.1007/s10533-008-9260-1 · Cited by 55
Climate Change Impacts on Yields and Soil Carbon in Row Crop Dryland Agriculture
Robertson, A. D., Zhang, Y., Sherrod, L. A., Rosenzweig, S. T., Ma, L., Ahuja, L. R., & Schipanski, M. E. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2017.08.0309 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Leary, G. J., Aggarwal, P. K., Calderini, D. F., Connor, D. J., Craufurd, P., Eigenbrode, S. D., Han, X., & Hatfield, J. L. (2018) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy8040034 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Spencer, S., Ogle, S. M., Breidt, F. J., Goebel, J. J., & Paustian, K. H. (2011) · Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management · doi:10.1080/20430779.2011.637696 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Yoo, K., Ji, J.-L., Aufdenkampe, A., & Klaminder, J. (2011) · doi:10.1029/2010jg001304 · Cited by 39
Fan, R., Du, J., Liang, A., Lou, J. Q., & Li, J. (2020) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-020-01489-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Rotational yield and apparent N benefits of grain legumes in southern Manitoba
Przednowek, D., Entz, M., Irvine, B., Flaten, D., & Martens, J. R. T. (2004) · doi:10.4141/p04-032 · Cited by 32
Landscape-scale cropping changes in the High Plains: economic and environmental implications
Rosenzweig, S. T., & Schipanski, M. E. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab5e8b · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPeterson, G. A., Westfall, D., Schipanski, M., & Fonte, S. (2020) · doi:10.1002/agj2.20257 · Cited by 19
Self-citationSoil and Rainfall Factors Influencing Yields of a Dryland Cropping System in Colorado
Sherrod, L., Ahuja, L., Hansen, N., Ascough, J., Westfall, D., & Peterson, G. A. (2014) · doi:10.2134/agronj13.0520 · Cited by 18
Carbon Sequestration in Kiwifruit Orchard Soils at Depth to Mitigate Carbon Emissions
Holmes, A. W., Müller, K., Clothier, B., & Deurer, M. (2014) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103624.2014.988583 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 113 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., 2002. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: a Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, 2nd ed. Springer, New York. https://doi. org/10.1007/B97636. · DOI
- Conant, R.T., Smith, G.R., Paustian, K., 2003. Spatial variability of soil carbon in forested and cultivated sites. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 278-286. https://doi.org/10.2134/ jeq2003.0278. · DOI
- Fox, J., Weisberg, S., 2011. An {R} Companion to Applied Regression, 2nd ed. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA 〈http://socserv.socsci.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Co mpanion〉.
- Meena, R.S., Das, A., Singh, G., Lal, R., 2018. Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management. Springer Nature, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13- 0253-4. · DOI
- Sirisha, L., Naresh, R.K., Mrunalini, K., Mahajan, N.C., Jat, L., 2019. Tillage and residue management practices on soil carbon, nitrogen mineralization dynamics and changes in soil microbial community under RWCS: a review. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 7, 4974-4994.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Unlocking complex soil systems as carbon sinks: multi-pool management as the key
Angst, G., Mueller, K. E., Castellano, M. J., Vogel, C., Wiesmeier, M., & Mueller, C. W. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38700-5 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon
Moinet, G. Y. K., Hijbeek, R., van Vuuren, D. P., & Giller, K. E. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16570 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“This was affirmed by another recent study (van der Pol et al., 2022), who found that converting a fallow- grain crop rotation to a continuous grain crop rotation increased grain yield and SOC stocks only when a legume crop was also included in the rotation (enhancing inputs from biological N2…”
ResultHansen, P. M., Even, R., King, A. E., Lavallee, J., Schipanski, M., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2024) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.17080 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationJust, C., Armbruster, M., Barkusky, D., Baumecker, M., Diepolder, M., Döring, T. F., Heigl, L., Honermeier, B., Jate, M., Merbach, I., et al. (2023) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116472 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Jilling, A., Grandy, A. S., Daly, A. B., Hestrin, R., Possinger, A. R., Abramoff, R., Annis, M., Cates, A. M., Dynarski, K. A., Georgiou, K., et al. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02681-8 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Climate Change Impacts on Legume Physiology and Ecosystem Dynamics: A Multifaceted Perspective
Dave, K., Kumar, A., Dave, N., Jain, M., Dhanda, P. S., Yadav, A., & Kaushik, P. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16146026 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Shi, M., Zhang, R., Zhang, W., Liu, Y., Sun, D., Wang, X., Qin, S., & Kang, Y. (2023) · Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture · doi:10.1186/s40538-023-00508-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Qian, R., Guo, R., Liu, Y., Naseer, M. A., Hussain, S., Liu, D., Zhang, P., Chen, X.-L., & Ren, X.-L. (2022) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2022.108181 · Cited by 30
Iheshiulo, E. M., Larney, F. J., Hernandez‐Ramirez, G., Luce, M. S., Chau, H. W., & Liu, K. (2024) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116777 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Importance of on-farm research for validating process-based models of climate-smart agriculture
Ellis, E., & Paustian, K. H. (2024) · Carbon Balance and Management · doi:10.1186/s13021-024-00260-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…recent studies have worked collaboratively with agricultural producers across select regions to sample commercial fields representing a broader range of climate-smart practices than are currently established in LTEs or to compare LTE results to on-farm realities [5, 17, 18, 34, 54, 66].”
BackgroundMeta-analysis shows that planting nitrogen-fixing species increases soil organic carbon stock
Sun, X., Chen, J., Kuzyakov, Y. V., Yang, Y., Ferreira, G. W. D., Ochoa‐Hueso, R., Mueller, C. W., Wang, Z., Hong, Y., Li, D., et al. (2025) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-025-02861-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Shumba, A., Chikowo, R., Thierfelder, C., Corbeels, M., Six, J., & Cardinael, R. (2024) · SOIL · doi:10.5194/soil-10-151-2024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Domnariu, H., Reardon, C. L., Manning, V. A., Gollany, H. T., & Trippe, K. M. (2024) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2024.108959 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wu, Q., Lawley, Y., & Congreves, K. (2024) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2023.108755 · Cited by 17
Ishtiaque, A. (2023) · Environmental Research Climate · doi:10.1088/2752-5295/accb03 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liu, W., Shi, Z., He, H.-Y., Lin, B., He, C., Dang, Y. P., Zhao, X., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2025.106792 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Panagea, I., Quataert, P., Alonso‐Ayuso, M., Bárcena, T. G., Boever, M. D., Diacono, M., Jacobs, A., Jensen, J. L., Seidel, F., Seitz, D., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.70086 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Murindangabo, Y., Kopecký, M., Perná, K., Nguyen, T. G., Ghorbani, M., Konvalina, P., Bohatá, A., Kavková, M., Hoang, T. N., Kabelka, D., et al. (2023) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture13071314 · Cited by 12
Liu, C., Zhang, L., Zhou, J., Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Zeng, Z.-H., & Zang, H.-D. (2024) · ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1006.2024.34195 · Cited by 8
Do carbon farming practices build bioavailable nitrogen pools?
Mattila, T., Girz, A. I., & Pihlatie, M. (2023) · Soil use and management · doi:10.1111/sum.12930 · Cited by 8
“In contrast, carbon farming practises that include legumes (van der Pol et al., 2022) or recycle otherwise leachable N (Aronsson et al., 2016) seem to build labile N pools and increase N mineralisation to crop plants.”
Seasonal soil health dynamics in soy-wheat relay intercropping
Thompson, J. B., Döring, T. F., Bowles, T. M., Kolb, S., Bellingrath‐Kimura, S. D., & Reckling, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69903-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The addition of legumes to a continuous grain cropping system in the American Midwest was found to increase MAOM C which was partially attributed to legume exudates and lower C:N ratio of legume residue 34 .”
Fernández-Ortega, J., Álvaro‐Fuentes, J., Delgado, A., García‐López, A. M., & Cantero‐Martínez, C. (2025) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2025.106496 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Soil health responses to long-term grazing intensity gradients in two semiarid rangelands
Taylor, K., Derner, J., Liptzin, D., Porensky, L., Lavallee, J., Augustine, D., & Hoover, D. L. (2025) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2025.109548 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Legume-based rotation enhance long-term soil carbon storage in eastern Oregon dryland wheat systems
Ramírez, P. B., Calderon, F. J., Singh, S., & Machado, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-98916-x · Cited by 5
Self-citationLegacy of severe soil degradation hinders the buildup of mineral-associated soil organic carbon
Leal, O. D. A., Reichel, R., Wissel, H., & Brüggemann, N. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179445 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Binacchi, F., Niether, W., Brock, C., Knebl, L., Brændholt, A., Wolf, B., & Gattinger, A. (2023) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2023.108645 · Cited by 5
Prairie, A. M., Rosenzweig, S. T., Lundgren, J. G., Bredeson, M. M., Welch, K. D., Kane, D. A., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2025) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2025.106896 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCrop rotation impacts on SOC fraction contents and stability: Insights from a global meta-analysis
Adingo, S., Jiang, R., Guo, Z., Jiang, F., Gao, L., Liu, J., Liu, S., & Peng, X. (2025) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2025.110128 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
van der Pol, L. K., Crews, T. E., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2025) · Frontiers in Soil Science · doi:10.3389/fsoil.2025.1548577 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, J.-L., Wu, B., Liu, M.-J., Jia, Y., Kang, L.-L., & Wang, G.-L. (2025) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-025-07320-x · Cited by 4
“Consistent with previous studies (Mupangwa et al. 2021; van der Pol et al. 2022), we also found that alfalfa inclusion significantly increased the subsequent triticale yield, supporting our first hypothesis.”
Devaraju, N., Prudhomme, R., Lungarska, A., Wang, X., Yin, Z., de Noblet‐Ducoudré, N., Chakir, R., Jayet, P.-A., Brunelle, T., Viovy, N., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24794-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lin, F., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture16010116 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing cropping system effects on carbon footprint on the Canadian prairies
Lin, S., Liu, K., & Lemke, R. (2025) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.1002/saj2.70039 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Li, Y.-M., Qiao, Y.-B., Li, Y.-Y., You, J., Wu, P., & Wang, T. (2026) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110304 · Cited by 2
Srivastava, R. K., Yetgin, A., & Omara, P. (2026) · Symbiosis · doi:10.1007/s13199-026-01130-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Under continuous monocropping, such low C: N inputs may stimulate active microbial turnover and accelerate carbon cycling, potentially limiting the accumulation of persistent mineral-associated organic carbon pools (Cong et al. 2015; van der Pol et al. 2022).”
Syromiatnykov, Y., Ishniyazova, S. A., Troyanovskaya, I., Voinash, S., Garkin, I., Malikov, V., & Orekhovskaya, A. (2026) · Advances in Agriculture · doi:10.1155/aia/5863850 · Cited by 2
Chemical properties of soil after over 55 years of differentiated fertilization and crop rotation
Suwara, I., Pawlak-Zaręba, K., Gozdowski, D., & Młynek, S. (2025) · Soil Science Annual · doi:10.37501/soilsa/213837 · Cited by 2
“The inclusion of legumes in crop rotation not only improves soil physical properties (e.g., reduces soil bulk density), but also increases organic matter and total nitrogen (Van Der Pol et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023).”
Visscher, A. M., Fonte, S. J., Hartmann, M., Laub, M., Mucheru-Muna, M. W., Mugendi, D. N., Mutai, J. C., Ndungu, S. M., Six, J., Trivedi, P., et al. (2026) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2026.117846 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Yu, R.-S., Cao, J., Li, W.-Q., Tang, S.-G., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Wang, X., Cai, J., & Zhang, H.-Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1850670 · Cited by 1
The TaSDIR1‐4A‐TaASR4‐3D module regulates ABA‐related drought responses in wheat seedlings
Lei, Y.-H., Wang, Z., Li, L.-Q., Zhou, L., Wang, B., Chen, B., Qi, H.-D., Chen, J.-C., Cao, J., You, S., et al. (2026) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.71322 · Cited by 1
“However, wheat is predominantly cultivated in arid and semiarid regions, rendering it highly susceptible to drought stress (Van der Pol et al ., 2022; Fu et al ., 2025).”
Labile Carbon dynamics under Initial Transition to Regenerative Agriculture
Roy, D., Kundu, R., Datta, A., Mandal, B., Paul, S., Sharma, S., & Ladha, J. (2026) · Soil Security · doi:10.1016/j.soisec.2026.100226 · Cited by 1
Weggler, K., Gerster, E., & Messner, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1583852 · Cited by 1
Progressive Technologies in Agriculture Affecting the Quality of Primary Crop Production – a Review
Hašana, R., Jánoška, D., Bušo, R., Gavurníková, S., & Havrlentová, M. (2024) · Polnohospodarstvo · doi:10.2478/agri-2024-0012
Ramírez, P. B., Singh, S., Machado, S., Matamala, R., Singh, S., & Calderon, F. J. (2026) · Soil & Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2025.107014 · Cited by 1
Self-citationBaiano, S., Rinaldi, M., Troccoli, A., Ciavarella, F., Sorrentino, M. C., & Morra, L. (2026) · Soil use and management · doi:10.1111/sum.70302
“In parallel, the introduction of legumes in crop rotations can increase the supply of high-quality C inputs, characterized by labile C, low C:N ratio and low molecular size (van der Pol et al. 2022).”
Григорова, А. А., Сушко, С. В., Пиголев, А. В., Непримерова, С. В., & Иващенко, К. В. (2026) · Агрофизика · doi:10.25695/agrph.2026.01.02
Babu, S., Singh, R., Mohapatra, K. P., Rathore, S., Kumar, S., Das, A., Idapuganti, R., Yadav, D., Kumar, A., Layek, J., et al. (2026) · Land Degradation & Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.70445
“Legume residue has a narrow C:N ratio and a greater percentage of low molecular weight compounds, which increase the C turnover in the soil system (Yadav, Babu, et al. 2021; van der Pol et al. 2022).”
Zhao, G., Li, S., JIANG, C., Ding, X., Feng, Z. H. O. U., Kaixian, W. U., Wu, B., & Fullen, M. A. (2026) · Pedosphere · doi:10.1016/j.pedsph.2026.01.015
Soil health response to soil biological conditioner in Brazilian soybean fields
da Luz, F. B., Cardoso, G. M., Rodrigues, A. M. D. S., Menillo, R. B., & Cherubin, M. (2025) · Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1017/s0014479725000080
- Authors
- van der Pol, L. K., Robertson, A., Schipanski, M., Calderon, F. J., Wallenstein, M. D., & Cotrufo, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Shell (United States) (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Venue
- Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 330
- Pages
- 107906
- ISSN
- 0167-8809 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4211118823
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 7.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
- Keywords
- Fabaceae, crop rotation, soil organic matter, wheat-fallow rotation, nitrogen stocks, particulate organic matter, mineral-associated organic matter, soil aggregate size, crop yield, no-tillage, Great Plains
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
