The exciting potential for ChatGPT in obstetrics and gynecology
Open accessAbstract
Natural language processing-the branch of artificial intelligence concerned with the interaction between computers and human language-has advanced markedly in recent years with the introduction of sophisticated deep-learning models. Improved performance in natural language processing tasks, such as text and speech processing, have fueled impressive demonstrations of these models' capabilities. Perhaps no demonstration has been more impactful to date than the introduction of the publicly available online chatbot ChatGPT in November 2022 by OpenAI, which is based on a natural language processing model known as a Generative Pretrained Transformer. Through a series of questions posed by the authors about obstetrics and gynecology to ChatGPT as prompts, we evaluated the model's ability to handle clinical-related queries. Its answers demonstrated that in its current form, ChatGPT can be valuable for users who want preliminary information about virtually any topic in the field. Because its educational role is still being defined, we must recognize its limitations. Although answers were generally eloquent, informed, and lacked a significant degree of mistakes or misinformation, we also observed evidence of its weaknesses. A significant drawback is that the data on which the model has been trained are apparently not readily updated. The specific model that was assessed here, seems to not reliably (if at all) source data from after 2021. Users of ChatGPT who expect data to be more up to date need to be aware of this drawback. An inability to cite sources or to truly understand what the user is asking suggests that it has the capability to mislead. Responsible use of models like ChatGPT will be important for ensuring that they work to help but not harm users seeking information on obstetrics and gynecology.
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Information incorporated into ChatGPT may have delays and incompleteness due to the nature of its training data.
“Second, due to the nature of its training data [78], the information incorporated into ChatGPT may have delays and incompleteness [8,79].”
From Ethical Considerations of Using ChatGPT in Health Care (2023) · cites this paper as [79]
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ChatGPT in Colorectal Surgery: A Promising Tool or a Passing Fad?
Li, W., Zhang, Y., & Chen, F. (2023) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-023-03232-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
An integrative decision-making framework to guide policies on regulating ChatGPT usage
Bukar, U., Sayeed, M. S., Razak, S. F. A., Yogarayan, S., & Amodu, O. A. (2024) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1845 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
transformative potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in business
Cano-Marin, E. (2024) · ESIC Market · doi:10.7200/esicm.55.333 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ali, H., & Aysan, A. F. (2024) · International Journal of Ethics and Systems · doi:10.1108/ijoes-04-2024-0112 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chat GPT-4 significantly surpasses GPT-3.5 in drug information queries
He, N., Yan, Y., Wu, Z., Cheng, Y., Liu, F., Li, X., & Zhai, S. (2023) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x231181922 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Tashiro, S., Mukaino, M., & Yamada, S. (2023) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/jrm.v55.13373 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Management Performance of ChatGPT in Obstetrics and Gynecology
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The Evaluation of Generative AI Should Include Repetition to Assess Stability
Zhu, L., Mou, W., Hong, C., Yang, T., Lai, Y., Qi, C., Lin, A., Zhang, J., & Luo, P. (2024) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/57978 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Data Privacy and Security Safeguarding Customer Information in ChatGPT Systems
Shafik, W. (2024) · Advances in hospitality, tourism and the services industry (AHTSI) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1239-1.ch003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Evaluating the Current Ability of ChatGPT to Assist in Professional Otolaryngology Education
Zalzal, H. G., Cheng, J., & Shah, R. K. (2023) · OTO Open · doi:10.1002/oto2.94 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
ChatGPT's Gastrointestinal Tumor Board Tango: A limping dance partner?
Aghamaliyev, U., Karimbayli, J., Gießen-Jung, C., Ilmer, M., Unger, K., Andrade, D., Hofmann, F. O., Weniger, M., Angele, M. K., Westphalen, C. B., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114100 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Appropriateness of ChatGPT as a resource for medication‐related questions
Grossman, S., Zerilli, T., & Nathan, J. P. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.16212 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Assessing ChatGPT’s orthopedic in-service training exam performance and applicability in the field
Jain, N., MS, C. P. G., Fisher, J., Campano, D., & Winston, T. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-04467-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nadarzynski, T., Lunt, A., Knights, N., Bayley, J., & Llewellyn, C. (2023) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624231180777 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Teixeira-Marques, F., Medeiros, N., Nazaré, F., Alves, S., Lima, N. B., Ribeiro, L., Gama, R., & Oliveira, P. (2024) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-024-08498-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Vito, A. D., Geremia, N., Marıno, A., Bavaro, D. F., Caruana, G., Meschiari, M., Colpani, A., Mazzitelli, M., Scaglione, V., Rullo, E. V., et al. (2024) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-024-02350-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
ChatGPT accurately performs genetic counseling for gynecologic cancers
Patel, J. M., Hermann, C. E., Growdon, W. B., Aviki, E. M., & Stasenko, M. (2024) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2024.04.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Preeclampsia
Layton, A. T. (2025) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.124.321673 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Assessing the applicability and appropriateness of ChatGPT in answering clinical pharmacy questions
Fournier, A., Fallet, C., Sadeghipour, F., & Perrottet, N. (2023) · Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises · doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2023.11.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
ChatGPT use should be prohibited in writing letters
Matsubara, S. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2024.04.046 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Peled, T., Sela, H. Y., Weiss, A., Grisaru‐Granovsky, S., Agrawal, S., & Rottenstreich, M. (2024) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.15501 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Concerns About Using ChatGPT in Education
Lin, S.-M., Chung, H.-H., Chung, F., & Lan, Y. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40113-8_4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Large language models in physical therapy: time to adapt and adept
Naqvi, W. M., Shaikh, S. Z., & Mishra, G. V. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1364660 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
ChatGPT in Medical Education: Bibliometric and Visual Analysis
Zhang, Y., Xie, X., & Xu, Q. (2025) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/72356 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Peng, S., Wang, D., Liang, Y., Xiao, W., Zhang, Y., & Liu, L. (2023) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-023-03314-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Recent Advances in the Prevention and Screening of Preeclampsia
Mészáros, B., Kukor, Z., & Valent, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12186020 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Development and evaluation of a large language model of ophthalmology in Chinese
Zheng, C., Ye, H., Guo, J., Yang, J., Fei, P., Yuan, Y., Huang, D., Huang, Y., Peng, J., Xie, X., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo-2023-324526 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Large Language Model and Text Generation
Wu, Y. (2024) · Cognitive informatics in biomedicine and healthcare · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55865-8_10 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2025) · Publications · doi:10.3390/publications13010012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A study on the performance of ChatGPT in infectious diseases clinical consultation
Sarink, M. J., Bakker, I. L., Anas, A. A., & Yusuf, E. (2023) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2023.05.017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Exhibiting the Heritage of COVID-19—A Conversation with ChatGPT
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2023) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage6080302 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Safrai, M., & Orwig, K. E. (2024) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-024-03089-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A role for artificial intelligence chatbots in the writing of scientific articles
Vintzileos, A. M., Chavez, M. R., & Romero, R. J. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.03.040 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
ChatGPT’s Impact on Education and Healthcare: Insights, Challenges, and Ethical Consideration
Hamad, Z. T., Jamil, N., & Belkacem, A. N. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3437374 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Sheng, J. (2024) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/56426 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ocakoğlu, S. R., & Coşkun, B. (2024) · Medical Principles and Practice · doi:10.1159/000538538 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Comparing ChatGPT's and Surgeon's Responses to Thyroid-related Questions From Patients
Guo, S., Li, R., Li, G., Chen, W., Huang, J., He, L., Ma, Y., Wang, L., Zheng, H., Tian, C., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae235 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
ChatGPT: a pioneering approach to complex prenatal differential diagnosis
Suhag, A., Kidd, J., McGath, M., Rajesh, R., Gelfinbein, J., Cacace, N., Monteleone, B., & Chavez, M. R. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.101029 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Potential applications of ChatGPT in obstetrics and gynecology in Korea: a review article
Lee, Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2024) · Obstetrics & Gynecology Science · doi:10.5468/ogs.23231 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Use of Generative AI for Improving Health Literacy in Reproductive Health: Case Study
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Wang, X., Ye, H., Zhang, S., Yang, M., & Wang, X. (2025) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02152-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Exploring the potential of machine learning in gynecological care: a review
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Tailor, P. D., Xu, T. T., Fortes, B. H., Iezzi, R., Olsen, T. W., Starr, M. R., Bakri, S. J., Scruggs, B. A., Barkmeier, A. J., Patel, S. V., et al. (2024) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Digital Health · doi:10.1016/j.mcpdig.2024.01.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
AI in obstetrics: Evaluating residents’ capabilities and interaction strategies with ChatGPT
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Cetera, G. E., Tozzi, A. E., Chiappa, V., Castiglioni, I., Merli, C. E. M., & Vercellini, P. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13102950 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An assessment of ChatGPT’s responses to frequently asked questions about cervical and breast cancer
Ye, Z., Zhang, B., Zhang, K., González, M. J., Yan, H., Wu, T., Qu, Y., Jiang, Y., Xue, P., & Qiao, Y. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03320-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Grunebaum, A. N., Dudenhausen, J. W., & Chervenak, F. A. (2024) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2024-0428 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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The future of patient education: A study on AI ‐driven responses to urinary incontinence inquiries
Rotem, R., Zamstein, O., Rottenstreich, M., O’Sullivan, O. E., O’Reilly, B., & Weintraub, A. Y. (2024) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.15751 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
ChatGPT in Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment: Applications, Legal and Ethical Challenges
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Generative Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Public Knowledge
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Advancements in Artificial Intelligence for Fetal Neurosonography: A Comprehensive Review
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ChatGPT usage in the Reactome curation processPreprint
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Exploring the Limits of Artificial Intelligence for Referencing Scientific Articles
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Large language models in cancer: potentials, risks, and safeguards
Zitu, M. M., Le, T. D., Duong, T., Haddadan, S., Garcia, M. A., Amorrortu, R. P., Zhao, Y., Rollison, D. E. M., & Thieu, T. (2024) · BJR|Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1093/bjrai/ubae019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grünebaum, A., Chervenak, J., Pollet, S. L., Katz, A., & Chervenak, F. A.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Lenox Hill Hospital (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 228
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 696-705
- ISSN
- 0002-9378 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4324370593
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 74
- FWCI
- 9.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, generative AI, natural language processing, obstetrics and gynecology, medical information retrieval, misinformation, responsible AI use, medical education
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Awareness, Educational Status, Female, Gynecology, Humans, Obstetrics, Pregnancy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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