Shaping the Future of Education: Exploring the Potential and Consequences of AI and ChatGPT in Educational Settings
Open accessAbstract
Over the last decade, technological advancements, especially artificial intelligence (AI), have significantly transformed educational practices. Recently, the development and adoption of Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT), particularly OpenAI’s ChatGPT, has sparked considerable interest. The unprecedented capabilities of these models, such as generating humanlike text and facilitating automated conversations, have broad implications in various sectors, including education and health. Despite their immense potential, concerns regarding their widespread use and opacity have been raised within the scientific community. ChatGPT, the latest version of the GPT series, has displayed remarkable proficiency, passed the US bar law exam, and amassed over a million subscribers shortly after its launch. However, its impact on the education sector has elicited mixed reactions, with some educators heralding it as a progressive step and others raising alarms over its potential to reduce analytical skills and promote misconduct. This paper aims to delve into these discussions, exploring the potential and problems associated with applying advanced AI models in education. It builds on extant literature and contributes to understanding how these technologies reshape educational norms in the “new AI gold rush” era.
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AI-driven language learning tools can adapt to different learning paces, preferences, and abilities, ensuring that all students have the opportunity to succeed.
“AI-driven language learning tools, however, can adapt to different learning paces, preferences, and abilities, ensuring that all students have the opportunity to succeed (Grassini, 2023).”
From Generative AI in Language Education: Bridging Divide and Fostering Inclusivity (2025) · cites this paper as Grassini, 2023
Section 2 says AI tutoring can adapt to students’ learning styles, progress, abilities, and interests. It does not establish this specifically for language-learning tools or say that adaptation ensures every student can succeed. Section 5 cautions that unequal access to technology could widen the digital divide. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Zhai, C., Wibowo, S., & Li, L. D. (2024) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00316-7 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
“Grassini (2023) identified that algorithmic biases are frequently a result of AI systems being trained on datasets with inherent prejudices, causing users to regard these biased outputs as objective mis-takenly.”
BackgroundInfluentialFan, Y., Tang, L., Le, H., Shen, K., Tan, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, X., & Gašević, D. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13544 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
<scp>AI</scp>‐driven adaptive learning for sustainable educational transformation
Strielkowski, W., Grebennikova, V., Lisovskiy, A., Rakhimova, G., & Vasileva, T. (2025) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.3221 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Does ChatGPT enhance student learning? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies
Deng, R., Jiang, M., Yu, X., Lu, Y., & Liu, S. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105224 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Generative Artificial Intelligence: Implications and Considerations for Higher Education Practice
Farrelly, T., & Baker, N. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13111109 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
“Adopting a similar approach to Grassini [3] in terms of our search strategy, the literature was screened non-systematically using Google Scholar, EBSCO, and Omni-linked databases for articles and books published between 2019 (when GPT-2 was released) and September 2023.”
MethodWang, J., & Fan, W. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04787-y · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“Most review studies have examined the effectiveness of ChatGPT in education (Ansari et al. 2024; Baig and Yadegaridehkordi, 2024; Chen et al. 2024; Grassini, 2023).”
RetractedA multinational study on the factors influencing university students’ attitudes and usage of ChatGPT
Abdaljaleel, M., Barakat, M. M., Alsanafi, M., Salim, N. A., Abazid, H., Malaeb, D. N., Mohammed, A. H., Hassan, B. A. R., Wayyes, A. M., Farhan, S. S., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52549-8 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“This appears conceivable in light of the current evidence showing that the use of AI-based tools for educational purposes were perceived as a double-edged sword 1,5,14,70 .”
BackgroundMethodDarwin, D., Rusdin, D., Mukminatien, N., Suryati, N., Laksmi, E. D., & Marzuki, M. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2290342 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
“However, the EFL context brings in unique complexities such as linguistic limitations, cultural nuances, and varied educational backgrounds that influence students’ ability to engage in critical thinking (Mafulah et al., 2023; Yuan, 2023, 2023).”
Gkintoni, E., Antonopoulou, H., Sortwell, A., & Halkiopoulos, C. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15020203 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Generative AI for Customizable Learning Experiences
Pesovski, I., Santos, R., Henriques, R., & Trajkovik, V. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16073034 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“…late 2022 marked a significant milestone in the field of artificial intelligence, as its ability to generate coherent, human-like text across a wide range of topics set the stage for discussion among educators and researchers of how generative AI can be integrated into educational settings [23,24].”
BackgroundWang, H., Dang, A., Wu, Z., & Mac, S. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100326 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“GenAI has been increasingly affecting higher education, as it has the potential to enhance learning experiences while also posing challenges to the current educational contexts (Dempere et al., 2023; Grassini, 2023; Onal and Kulavuz-Onal, 2023).”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of Generative AI for Teaching and Learning Practice
Ogunleye, B., Zakariyyah, K. I., Ajao, O., Olayinka, O., & Sharma, H. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14060636 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“…thinking, and ethical consideration, which indicates publications related to the usage/implications of GenAI systems, linked to developing a greater understanding around academic integrity, the development of assessments, and better pedagogical practices in response to these emerging tools [10].”
BackgroundMah, D.-K., & Groß, N. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00490-1 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“…potential in education has been increasingly recognized, which can be seen from the increasing number of publications in the field of AI in education (AIEd), leading to AI’s growing adoption in various educational practices (Chiu, 2023; Crompton & Burke, 2023; Grassini, 2023; Ouyang et al., 2022).”
Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation of Higher Education Institutions: A Systems Approach
Katsamakas, E., Pavlov, O. V., & Saklad, R. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16146118 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Generative <scp>AI</scp> in education and research: A systematic mapping review
Yusuf, A., Pervin, N., Román‐González, M., & Noor, N. M. (2024) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3489 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Al-khresheh, M. H. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100218 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The Use of Generative AI Tools in Higher Education: Ethical and Pedagogical Principles
Nguyen, K. V. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09607-1 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“For example, Grassini (2023) highlights the ethical concerns surrounding the misuse of intellectual property due to the widespread adoption of AI, stressing how difficult it has become to assess the originality of student work generated by AI tools like Chat-GPT.”
Tolentino, R., Baradaran, A., Gore, G., Pluye, P., & Abbasgholizadeh-Rahimi, S. (2024) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/54793 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“This can be attributed to various reasons, including the constant evolution and novelty of AI technology, which may describe why generalized educational programs for AI appear across the medical educational continuum [67].”
BackgroundAl-Abdullatif, A. M. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14111209 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Νικολοπούλου, Κ. (2024) · International Journal of Changes in Education · doi:10.47852/bonviewijce42022489 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“The easy access to automatically generated content may be considered as threat [45], while a main issue of the current debate regarding AI in education is the concern for its potential misuse [18].”
BackgroundJaboob, M., Hazaimeh, M., & Al‐Ansi, A. M. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2300016 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“On the other hand, generative AI techniques hold significant promise for enhancing students’ cognitive achievement by revolutionizing education in multiple ways (Dwivedi et al., 2023; Grassini, 2023; Loh, 2023).”
Exploring the impact of ChatGPT on education: A web mining and machine learning approach
Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Appolloni, A., Treiblmaier, H., & Iranmanesh, M. (2024) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100932 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The Impact of Large Language Models on Programming Education and Student Learning Outcomes
Jošt, G., Taneski, V., & Karakatič, S. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14104115 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Looking Beyond the Hype: Understanding the Effects of AI on Learning
Bauer, E., Greiff, S., Graesser, A. C., Scheiter, K., & Sailer, M. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10020-8 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…ChatGPT’s launch in November 2022 includes numerous discussion papers on the general functionalities, opportunities, and challenges of increasingly powerful AI systems (e.g., Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2023; Alasadi & Baiz, 2023; Grassini, 2023; Kasneci et al., 2023; Rasul et al., 2023; Yan et al., 2024).”
Artificial intelligence as a tool for creativity
Ivcevic, Z., & Grandinetti, M. (2024) · Journal of Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.yjoc.2024.100079 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Educational Affordances and Challenges of ChatGPT: State of the Field
Crompton, H., & Burke, D. (2024) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-024-00939-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“ChatGPT is a versatile tool that can be used in multiple ways in education by both teachers and students (Grassini, 2023).”
Human and AI collaboration in the higher education environment: opportunities and concerns
Atchley, P., Pannell, H., Wofford, K., Hopkins, M., & Atchley, R. A. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00547-9 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“These benefits have been recognized in tandem with the fear of two central issues associated with the introduction of ChatGPT: accuracy and plagiarism (Grassini, 2023; Halawah, 2023; Lo, 2023).”
BackgroundUnderstanding University Students’ Acceptance of ChatGPT: Insights from the UTAUT2 Model
Grassini, S., Aasen, M. L., & Møgelvang, A. (2024) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2024.2371168 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“The advent of generative AI, with ChatGPT as a prominent instance, has provoked discussions about its implications across various sectors, including scientific production (Grimaldi et al. 2023), and education (Grassini 2023b).”
Self-citationAl-Abdullatif, A. M., & Alsubaie, M. A. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14090845 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“The perceived value of ChatGPT lies in its ability to create personalised learning environments and enhance students’ academic performance [39,49–52].”
Ahmed, Z., Shanto, S. S., Rime, M. H. K., Morol, M. K., Fahad, N., Hossen, M. J., & Abdullah-Al-Jubair, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3461874 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Several works have been depicted, providing an overall synopsis of the impact of ChatGPT in education [10], [11], [12].”
BackgroundExploring the Role of Generative AI in Enhancing Language Learning: Opportunities and Challenges
Creely, E. (2024) · International Journal of Changes in Education · doi:10.47852/bonviewijce42022495 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Indeed, a language learner who favors more visual content might be presented with a range of multimodal materials such as infographics, diagrams, audio-visual materials, pictures, and charts (Grassini, 2023).”
BackgroundDu, J., & Alm, A. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14070726 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Huang, K.-L., Liu, Y., Dong, M.-Q., & Lu, C.-C. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.101929 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cai, L., Msafiri, M. M., & Kangwa, D. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13112-0 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Møgelvang, A., Bjelland, C., Grassini, S., & Ludvigsen, K. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14121363 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Current predictions [4,5,36] state that experience with AI technology may play a significant role for future careers and job security.”
Self-citationExploring the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the delivery of effective feedback
Venter, J., Coetzee, S. A., & Schmulian, A. (2024) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2024.2415649 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Artificial intelligence’s (AI) integration into feedback mechanisms, notably through advancements in natural language processing (NLP), presents a transfor-mative opportunity to address these challenges (Bauer et al. 2023; Deeva et al. 2021; Grassini 2023; Hooda et al. 2022).”
InfluentialJauhiainen, J. S., & Garagorry Guerra, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1288723 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Integration: Pedagogical Strategies and Policies at Leading Universities
Alqahtani, N., & Wafula, Z. (2025) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-024-09749-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“AI fundamentally reshapes teaching and learning experiences by introducing innovative tools and methodologies that optimize educational processes (Grassini, 2023; Baidoo-Anu and Owusu Ansah, 2023 ).”
Future Possibilities and Challenges of AI in Education
Kayyali, M. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1351-0.ch006 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Teng, M. F. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12811 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Chatbots and AI in Education (AIEd) tools: The good, the bad, and the ugly
Ifelebuegu, A. O., Kulume, P., & Cherukut, P. (2023) · Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching · doi:10.37074/jalt.2023.6.2.29 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Exploring the potential of ChatGPT for foreign language education at the university level
Klímová, B., Pikhart, M., & Al-Obaydi, L. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1269319 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“These tools can provide personalized learning, and automated corrective feedback and thus reduce the burden on teachers (Kim, 2019; Grassini, 2023).”
BackgroundSong, Y., Huang, L., Zheng, L., Fan, M., & Liu, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00508-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“The content produced by GAI chatbots is highly relevant to a given topic and is typically well organised and well structured (Grassini, 2023).”
Bender, S. M. (2024) · Changing English · doi:10.1080/1358684x.2024.2309995 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“This advancement led to optimistic forecasts about AI’s application across multiple sectors, including medical, legal, and educational (Ahuja 2019; Grassini 2023), though it also very quickly provoked complaints that school and university students would be able to plagiarise essays (Crawford,…”
BackgroundLiang, H., Hwang, G., Hsu, T., & Yeh, J. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13448 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Meron, Y., & Araci, Y. T. (2023) · Design Science · doi:10.1017/dsj.2023.28 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Educational discourse around AI has often revolved around ethical concerns about, for example, plagiarism (Grassini 2023), or for the potential for AI tools programmes to produce harmful outputs (Stokel-Walker & Noorden 2023) such as falsifying information, leading to calls for developing broad…”
BackgroundZhang, J. J., Wang, Y., Ruan, Q., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2024.101279 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Saihi, A., Ben-Daya, M., Hariga, M., & As'ad, R. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100274 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Reliability of ChatGPT in automated essay scoring for dental undergraduate examinations
Quah, B., Zheng, L., Sng, T. J. H., Yong, C. W., & Islam, I. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05881-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“While ChatGPT can provide constructive feedback, it will not be able to replace the compassion, empathy, or emotional intelligence possessed by a quality educator possesses [40].”
BackgroundThe impact of integrating ChatGPT with teachers’ feedback on EFL writing skills
Asadi, M., Ebadi, S., & Mohammadi, L. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101766 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
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The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Study of the Psychology of Religion
Alkhouri, K. I. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15030290 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“The application of AI techniques in this domain requires careful consideration of these factors (Grassini 2023).”
MethodAnnamalai, N., Bervell, B., Mireku, D. O., & Andoh, R. P. K. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100346 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The use of generative AI by students with disabilities in higher education
Zhao, X., Cox, A., & Chen, X. (2025) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.101014 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The beginning of ChatGPT – a systematic and bibliometric review of the literature
Baber, H., Nair, K., Gupta, R. S., & Gurjar, K. (2023) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-04-2023-0035 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hou, C., Zhu, G., Sudarshan, V., Lim, F. S., & Ong, Y. S. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105329 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
ChatGPT in Education: A Systematic Review on Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions
Munaye, Y. Y., Admass, W., Belayneh, Y., Molla, A., & Asmare, M. (2025) · Algorithms · doi:10.3390/a18060352 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Application of ChatGPT in Higher Education and Research – A Futuristic Analysis
Aithal, P. S., & Aithal, S. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters · doi:10.47992/ijaeml.2581.7000.0193 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Artificial Intelligence Paradox: Opportunity or Threat for Humanity?
Bozkurt, V., & Gürsoy, D. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2297114 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Following its release, ChatGPT recorded unprecedented progress in a short time, reaching millions of users (Grassini, 2023).”
InfluentialExploring the Potential of ChatGPT as an Educational Technology: An Emerging Technology Report
Glaser, N. J. (2023) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-023-09684-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“1 3 the potential promises, the technology’s accessibility is currently somewhat restricted, as it necessitates a paid subscription and compliance with usage limitations (Grassini, 2023).”
BackgroundExploring student and teacher perceptions of ChatGPT use in higher education: A Q-Methodology study
Espartinez, A. S. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100264 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Chen, J., Zhuo, Z., & Lin, J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152416928 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Leading the AI transformation in schools: it starts with a digital mindset
Pietsch, M., & Mah, D.-K. (2024) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-024-10439-w · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“The emergence of AI tools, especially ChatGPT, and its possibilities, challenges, and changes for education has caused mixed feelings among educators (Grassini, 2023; Lo, 2023; Mah, 2023).”
Artificial Intelligence in Endodontic Education
Aminoshariae, A., Nosrat, A., Nagendrababu, V., Omid Dianat, A., Mohammad‐Rahimi, H., O'Keefe, A. W., & Setzer, F. C. (2024) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2024.02.011 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Digital Literacy 5.0 to Enhance Multicultural Education
Anurogo, D., Ramba, H. L., Putri, N. D., & Putri, U. M. P. (2023) · Multicultural Islamic Education Review · doi:10.23917/mier.v1i2.3414 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ngo, T. T. A., Tran, T. T., An, G. K., & Nguyen, P. T. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3383773 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Thisensuresthatitsresponsesremain consistentwithsearchresults[50],[51],providingstudentswith accurateandup-to-dateinformation.”
Tang, Q., Deng, W., Huang, Y., Wang, S., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70027 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Across Industries
Yadav, U., & Shrawankar, U. N. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5443-8.ch010 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mahmoud, M. H., Ali, A. A. A., Alrifae, A. A. M., Eitah, R. A., & Alzubi, M. M. S. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-01713-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Scholars state that an agile organization inspires its employees to play multiple roles, take on new responsibilities, and embrace changes flexibly in the work environment [33].”
Assessing AI Detectors in Identifying AI-Generated Code: Implications for Education
Pan, W. H., Chok, M. J., Wong, J. L. S., Shin, Y. X., Poon, Y. S., Yang, Z., Chong, C. Y., Lo, D., & Lim, M. K. (2024) · Proceedings of the 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training · doi:10.1145/3639474.3640068 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Taani, O., & Alabidi, S. (2024) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2024.2357341 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The foremost challenge includes the propensity of ChatGPT to generate false or misleading information affecting academic integrity policies of academic malpractice (Grassini, 2023).”
A Social Perspective on AI in the Higher Education System: A Semisystematic Literature Review
Alshahrani, B. T., Pileggi, S. F., & Karimi, F. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13081572 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Generative artificial intelligence and sustainable higher education: Mapping the potential
Νικολοπούλου, Κ. (2025) · Journal of Digital Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/jdet/15860 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Concerns associated with academic integrity (Bearman et al., 2023), cheating, plagiarism, and potential misuse have been reported (Crawford et al., 2023; Grassini, 2023; Moorhouse et al., 2023).”
Sahu, P. K., Benjamin, L. A., Singh Aswal, G., & Williams-Persad, A. (2023) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1093/postmj/qgad090 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Potential Benefits and Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Özer, M. (2024) · Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education · doi:10.14686/buefad.1416087 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Teachers can actively use AI systems in preparing teaching materials, creating exams, conducting assessments, providing feedback to students, and developing interactive and innovative learning scenarios (Grassini, 2023; Khan et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023).”
BackgroundInfluentialWatson, S., & Romic, J. (2025) · European Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1177/14749041231221266 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Part of this comes from an uncertainty about what the technology is and what it can and cannot do (see, e.g. Grassini, 2023).”
AI In Higher Education: Risks and Opportunities From the Academician Perspective
Doğan, M., Celik, A., & Arslan, H. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12863 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
An Investigation into ChatGPT’s Application for a Scientific Writing Assignment
Rojas, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00034 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Marzano, D. (2026) · Technology, Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-025-09853-7 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Cox (2024), Carabantes et al. (2023), Deck (2024), Gabriska and Pribilova (2023), Grassini (2023), Mishra and Henriksen (2024), Mao et al. (2024), Hwang and Chen (2023), Hsu and Ching (2023), Jauhiainen and Guerra (2023), Richardson et al. (2023), van den Berg and du Plessis (2023), Vartiainen et…”
Ask ChatGPT first! Transforming learning experiences in the age of artificial intelligence
Gao, L. X., López-Pérez, M. E., Melero‐Polo, I., & Trifu, A. (2024) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2024.2323571 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Grassini (2023) Review Education To explore the potential and issues associated with the use of advanced AI models in education, identifying perspectives, opportunities, and challenges, with a special emphasis on ChatGPT.”
Lin, M. P.-C., Liu, A. L., Poitras, E., Chang, M., & Chang, D. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16208992 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Avances y discusiones sobre el uso de inteligencia artificial (IA) en educación
Tramallino, C. P., & Zeni, A. M. (2024) · Educación · doi:10.18800/educacion.202401.m002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“En la misma dirección, Grassini (2023) expone que dicha tecnología ha tenido un fuerte impacto en el sector educativo debido a la cuestión del plagio y de la propiedad intelectual de los contenidos.”
BackgroundChatGPT as an educational resource for civil engineering students
Uddin, S. M. J., Albert, A., Tamanna, M., Ovid, A., & Alsharef, A. F. (2024) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22747 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“This includes struggles with providing nuanced responses to complex questions or topics, and generating contextually inconsistent or repetitive responses [6, 17, 19].”
Métodos pedagógicos innovadores: Una revisión de las mejores prácticas actuales
Santander-Salmon, E. S. (2024) · Revista Científica Zambos. · doi:10.69484/rcz/v3/n1/13 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Grassini (2023) destaca cómo los avances tecnológicos, especialmente la inteligencia artificial, han transformado significativamente las prácticas educativas en la última década.”
BackgroundTeaming Up with an AI: Exploring Human–AI Collaboration in a Writing Scenario with ChatGPT
Luther, T., Kimmerle, J., & Creß, U. (2024) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai5030065 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“As a result, some universities and schools have reacted by imposing bans on AI tools like ChatGPT [17].”
BackgroundDurak, G., Çankaya, S., Özdemir, D., & Can, S. (2024) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v25i3.7757 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Grassini (2023) suggested that AI’s role in shaping future educational paradigms and its growing interest among educators will continue to rise.”
Arefian, M. H., Çomoğlu, İ., & Dikilitaş, K. (2024) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2024.2412769 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Still , it may need to meet the contextual and cultural demands of the specific setting and have an empathetic understanding of teachers (Grassini 2023).”
Generative AI, learning and new literacies
Chen, S.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange · doi:10.18785/jetde.1602.01 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“These skills encompass critical thinking, problem-solving, collaboration, and argumentation (Chiu, 2023; Farrokhnia et al., 2023; Grassini et al., 2023; Kasneci et al., 2023; Lo, 2023; Ray, 2023; Rudolph, Tan & Tan, 2023; Tlili et al., 2023; Zhai, 2022).”
BackgroundGamifying Learning with AI: A Pathway to 21st-Century Skills
Niño, J. R. G., Arias-Delgado, L., Chiappe, A., & González, E. O. (2024) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2024.2421974 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In addition, resistance also arises from concern about possible changes to the educational relationship (Grassini, 2023) and to teacher policies and teacher training (Heimans et al., 2023).”
Faisal, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1325601 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Likewise, Grassini (2023) explored the implications of AI, particularly ChatGPT, on educational practices.”
BackgroundTeaching and AI in the postdigital age: Learning from teachers’ perspectives
Moylan, R., Code, J. R., & O'Brien, H. L. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education : An International Journal of Research and Studies · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2024.104851 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Teaching and learning with AI: an Integrated AI-Oriented Pedagogical Model
Creely, E., & Carabott, K. (2025) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-025-00913-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The positioning of GenAI in educational contexts often presents as a dichotomy (Grassini, 2023; Sok & Heng, 2024).”
InfluentialChatGPT in Academia: University Students’ Attitudes Towards the use of ChatGPT and Plagiarism
Fajt, B., & Schiller, E. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09603-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The need for balanced guidelines that harness AI’s capabilities while preserving human creativity and critical thinking is crucial (Grassini, 2023; Urban et al., 2024 ).”
Exploring University Students Perceptions of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education
Bucharest University of Economic Studies, tala, M. L., Muller, C. N., Hochschule Fresenius, B., Nastase, I. A., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, State, O., Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Gheorghe, G., & Bucharest University of Economic Studies (2024) · Amfiteatru Economic · doi:10.24818/ea/2024/65/71 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sauder, M., Tritsch, T., Rajput, V., Schwartz, G., & Shoja, M. M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.51961 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cheng, M. W. T., & YIM, I. H. Y. (2024) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-023-00081-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Previous studies [3, 20, 27, 34, 48], examined the benefits and threats posed by ChatGPT in the educational setting.”
Multiple-Choice Question Generation Using Large Language Models: Methodology and Educator Insights
Biancini, G., Ferrato, A., & Limongelli, C. (2024) · ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP) · doi:10.1145/3631700.3665233 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The British declared war on Japan on the morning of 8 December and specifically identifiedtheattacksonMalaya,SingaporeandHongKongasthecausebutomitted anymentionofPearlHarbor.”
Amin, M. R. M., Ismail, I., & Sivakumaran, V. M. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101308 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bikanga Ada, M. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14101106 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Human instructors can adjust their explanations based on student feedback, provide real-time clarification, and engage in dialogue, which AI tools cannot replicate effectively [60–63], at least now.”
InfluentialGenerative AI and Educators: Partnering in Using Open Digital Content for Transforming Education
van den Berg, G. (2024) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.16.2.640 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grassini, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Grassini, Simone
- ORCID
- Grassini, Simone
- Venue
- Education Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-07-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 692
- ISSN
- 2227-7102 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4383818129
- Cited by
- 1,048
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 241 · 2025: 337 · 2024: 403 · 2023: 66 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 245.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Education Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Bergen
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, generative AI in education, large language models, AI ethics, academic misconduct, critical thinking skills, educational technology, AI adoption in education, future of education
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