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Prospective Study of Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged Women
Abstract
Background Although many studies support an inverse association between physical activity (PA) and depressive symptoms, prospective relationships between these variables have been confounded by pre-existing psychological and physical health problems.Methods This study examined the dose-response relationships between self-reported PA and depressive symptoms, using cross-sectional and prospective data from a population-based cohort of middle-aged women who participated in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) between 1996 and 2001. Participants completed three mailed surveys (S1, 1996; S2, 1998; S3, 2001), which included questions about time spent in walking, moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA, and measures of psychological health (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale [CESD-10], and Mental health [MH] subscale of the Short Form 36 survey). Relationships between previous (S1, S2), current (S3), and habitual (S1, S2, S3) PA and "depressive symptoms" were examined, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related variables (n=9207).Results Mean CESD-10 scores decreased, and MH scores increased with increasing levels of previous, current, and habitual activity. Odds ratios for CESD-10 scores > or =10 or MH scores < or =52 at S3 were 30% to 40% lower among women who reported the equivalent of > or =60 minutes of moderate-intensity PA per week, compared with those who reported less PA than this. Women who were in the lowest PA category at S1, but who subsequently reported > or =240 metabolic equivalent minutes (MET.mins) per week had lower odds of CESD-10 scores of > or =10 or MH scores < or =52 at S3 than those who remained in the very low PA category.Conclusions These data suggest that there is a clear relationship between increasing PA and decreasing depressive symptoms in middle-aged women, independent of pre-existing physical and psychological health.
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“Physical activity can protect against incident depression symptoms [21-23]”
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“Brown et al. (2005) suggested that there is a clear relationship between increasing physical activity and decreasing depressive symptoms in middle aged women.”
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“’s [60] study of physical activity and depressive symptoms in middleaged women concluded that physical activity is an important mediator of depression, with a representative sample showing a clear dose–response relationship between physical activity and psychological health [60].”
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“Based on self-reported information, the amount of each activity was calculated using minutes of metabolic equivalents of task (MET-min) per week and physical activity was then categorised as ‘nil/sedentary’ ( 40 MET-min/week), ‘low’ (40 ≤ MET 600 min/ week), ‘moderate’ (600 ≤ MET < 1200 min/week), and ‘high’ (≥ 1200 M…”
MethodČolović, M., Gadžić, А., Ilić, R., & Petrović, M. (2020) · Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.22190/fupes190630021c · Cited by 26
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“…longitudinal studies with younger adults reported that even mild PA (e.g. <150min of PA per week) may also be beneficial in preventing depression (Brown et al., 2005; Bernaards et al., 2006; Ball et al., 2009; Jonsdottir et al., 2010), few longitudinal studies have confirmed the effectiveness of…”
BackgroundAnxiety and Depression in Marines Sent to War in Iraq and Afghanistan
Booth‐Kewley, S., Highfill‐McRoy, R. M., Larson, G. E., Garland, C. F., & Gaskin, T. A. (2012) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318266b7e7 · Cited by 23
“The CES-D-10 is a subset of the full 20-item CES-D Scale (Radloff, 1977), and it has been used extensively in past research (e.g., Brown et al., 2005; Yi et al., 2006).”
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“This finding is consistent with other studies that have demonstrated the same association in non-pregnant populations (45, 46).”
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“Although depression can result in weight gain through physical or behavioral mechanisms [33,34], findings of this association are not consistent [29,35,36].”
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Depressive Symptoms Impact Health-Promoting Lifestyle Behaviors and Quality of Life in Healthy Women
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“Further, the association between higher self-reported MVPA at baseline and lower depressive symptoms at follow-up were also in line with previous studies suggesting a protective role of physical activity against future depressive symptoms (Brown et al., 2005; De Moor et al., 2008; Jerstad et al., 2010; Lindwall et al.…”
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“40 , 41 The benefits of exercise intervention are efficacious, 42 have dose effects, 43 , 44 and aid prevention.”
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Khalaila, R., & Litwin, H. (2014) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264313516997 · Cited by 17
“symptoms (Brown et al., 2005; Duivis et al., 2011), and an association between leisure-time physical activity and reduced risk of depressive symptoms in older adults (Ku, Fox, Chen, & Chou, 2009, 2012).”
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“There is scarcity of studies including participants with preexisting depressive symptoms [12, 23], and none of these has investigated the role of long-term PA on depressive symptom changes over time.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLeisure-time physical activity and affective experience in middle-aged and older women
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“This leads to a positive outcome that includes decreased indexes of anxiety, such as depression [60].”
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“At the same time, rural women tend to be diagnosed with higher rates of comorbidities (Brown et al. 2005; Hartley 2004), which can increase the severity of depression (Ho et al.”
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“…stress, perceived stigma, and low self-esteem, have further been identified as mediators between higher BMI and depression, especially among females and populations with higher SES, whose body image significantly impacts mental wellbeing (Brown et al., 2005; Nichèle & Yen, 2016; Ross, 1994).”
The Working Conditions and Well-being of Early Childhood Leaders in the United States
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“Moreover, increased physical activity can improve mental health and depression (Brown et al., 2005; Saxena et al., 2005).”
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Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence Predict Adulthood Obesity Among Black Females
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“While many studies have reported an association between increased physical activity and improved mental health [29], female able-bodied swimmers may have been less likely to experience a decline in mental health because they fulfill their daily activities by performing household chores [30].”
BackgroundHealth Behaviors of People with Retinitis Pigmentosa in the Republic of Korea
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“’’ As earlier studies have demonstrated an inverse association between depressive symptoms and physical activity, our study similarly showed RP patients with depressive mood experience were more likely to be physically inactive.(26,27) Depressive mood was also mentioned as a reason for physical inactivity in our semi-…”
ResultKim, J., Im, S., Lee, S., & Heo, J. (2022) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2022.2138511 · Cited by 13
“For example, a population-based cohort study of middle-aged Australian women reported an inverse dose-response relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms (Brown et al., 2005).”
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“Thus, the adolescent participation rate in physical activity is very low both at home and abroad, which can be a leading cause of deaths due to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood as well as negative effects such as an increased likelihood of mental disorders like anxiety and depression [5].”
BackgroundPhysical Activity for the Prevention of Depression
Kwan, B. M., Davis, K. J., & Dunn, A. L. (2012) · Issues in children's and families' lives · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3606-5_6 · Cited by 9
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“Research has established exercise as an effective treatment for clinical and subclinical depression, anxiety, and possibly schizophrenia ( Brown et al. 2005; Dunn et al. 2005; Faulkner and Biddle 1999; Faulkner and Sparks 1999; Martinsen 1987).”
BackgroundSintomas de Ansiedade e Indicativos de Depressão em Idosas Praticantes do Método Pilates no Solo
de Oliveira, D. V., Rodrigues, A. R., Ferreira, Á. G., Pivetta, N. R. S., Antunes, M. D., & Júnior, J. R. A. D. N. (2021) · Revista Psicologia e Saúde · doi:10.20435/pssa.vi.797 · Cited by 7
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“Epidemiological study has showed that increased physical activity decreases depression [47].”
BackgroundRelação entre exercício físico, depressão e índice de massa corporal
Vasconcelos-Raposo, J., Fernandes, H. M., Mano, M., & Martins, E. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.6063/motricidade.185 · Cited by 7
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“supported by various studies addressing the association in longitudinal designs, showing that regular leisure time exercise at baseline was associated with less depression and anxiety at follow-up [69–77].”
ResultAdherence to 24‐h movement behaviour guidelines in families with multiple children
Tooth, L. R., Mielke, G. I., & Moss, K. M. (2023) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13213 · Cited by 5
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Depression in women aged 75-89--predisposing factors and preventive measures.
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“This increases visceral fat and activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis that promotes the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby promoting a vicious cycle of atherosclerosis and ischemia (Brown et al., 2005; Capuron et al., 2008; Skilton et al., 2007).”
BackgroundDevelopmental Trajectory of Body Weight in Youths at Risk for Major Mood Disorders
Adepalli, N., Cumby, J., Campbell, N., Pavlová, B., Alda, M., Cahill, L. E., & Uher, R. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.38540 · Cited by 3
Communicating with older people about positive mental health
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The Importance of Palliative Care in Cancer Rehabilitation
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“Pek çok hastalık aşamasında egzersiz ve iyileşmiş ruhsal durum arasında güçlü bir ilişki bildirilmiştir (28-30).”
Girls and Physical Activity: A Multi-Method Qualitative Exploration
Nagasawa, S. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 3
Görres, C., Hoßbach, J., Pabst, A., Luppa, M., Stein, J., Welzel, F. D., Jung, F. U. C. E., Hussenoeder, F. S., Engel, C., Kirsten, T., et al. (2024) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-024-03940-3 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- BROWN, W., FORD, J., BURTON, N., MARSHALL, A., & DOBSON, A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- BROWN, W
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 265-272
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1965410199
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Recreational Sport and Physical Activity
- Keywords
- physical activity, depressive symptoms, middle-aged women, dose-response relationship, walking, moderate physical activity, high-intensity exercise, mental health, Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Health Status, Humans, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Exercise, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio
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