The DOI matches its Crossref record; 183 of the 192 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Mental Health: A Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Context The mental health benefits of physical activity are well established. However, less is known about whether the relationship between physical activity and mental health is consistent across different life domains. It is important to understand how context may influence the relationship between physical activity and mental health so that interventions and policy guidelines can be tailored to maximize positive effects. Evidence acquisition In 2015, systematic searches of four databases identified 13,435 records, of which 98 studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence synthesis Included studies were published between 1988 and 2015 and had a combined sample size of 648,726. Of the 98 included studies, 93 examined leisure-time physical activity, 14 examined work-related physical activity, 15 examined transport physical activity, 16 examined household physical activity, three examined school sport, and three examined physical education. Multi-level meta-analyses showed that leisure-time physical activity (r =0.13) and transport physical activity (r =0.13) both had a positive association with mental health. Leisure-time physical activity (r = -0.11) and school sport (r = -0.09) both had an inverse association with mental ill-health. However, physical activity was not consistently associated with lower mental ill-health across domains, as work-related physical activity was positively associated with mental ill-health (r =0.09). Household physical activity and participation in…
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Claims the paper makes
36 Own result · 10 Own method · 9 Partly supported · 9 Own interpretation · 8 No full text of the sources · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further, evidence also shows that exercise involving choice is associated with increased positive affect and enjoyment, compared to exercise with no choice.[62][63][64]”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Parfitt, 2006, The psychological and physiological responses of sedentary individuals to prescribed and preferred intensity exercise, Br J Health Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] Vazou-Ekkekakis, 2009, Affective consequences of imposing the intensity of physical activity: does the loss of perceived autonomy matter, Hellenic Journal of Psychology
- Partly supportedcites [64] Lubans, 2016, Mediators of psychological well-being in adolescent boys, J Adolesc Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that opportunities for choice in school sport mediated the intervention’s effect on psychological well-being, supporting a link between choice and well-being. But the Outcome measures section identifies flourishing—not positive affect or enjoyment—as the outcome, and the Discussion says effects on hedonic well-being were not captured. The paper does not establish the claimed increase in positive affect and enjoyment compared with exercise offering no choice. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence supports a number of psychosocial mechanisms that explain the effect of PA on mental health; however, there is little understanding as to whether these mechanisms play the same role in different PA domains.22”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [22] Lubans, 2016, Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms, Pediatrics sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Psychosocial mechanisms section (p. 17) reports evidence linking improved physical self-perceptions with well-being, including one study in which changes in self-perceptions partially mediated reduced depressive symptoms. But the Conclusion (p. 21) says evidence for the specific mechanisms remains limited, so the claim overstates how firmly a number of psychosocial mechanisms have been shown to explain the effect. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While this result is plausible given that mental health and mental ill-health are not always negatively correlated, 65 it demonstrates that workrelated PA is associated with mental health for some people and mental ill-health for others.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [65] Keyes, 2005, Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (p. 8) says mental health and mental illness are distinct, correlated axes, so they are not invariably opposites for individuals. But the Results (p. 6) report a negative correlation of −.53; the paper does not show that their correlation is sometimes nonnegative. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Household PA, school sport, and physical education are not significantly associated with mental health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“leisure-time physical activity (r = .13)and transport physical activity (r = .13)both have a positive association with mental health.”
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
“Leisure-time PA has a weak positive association with mental health and the effect size is not significantly moderated by the mental health outcome, sex, age, study design, PA measure, or risk of bias.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“transport physical activity (r = .13)both have a positive association with mental health.”
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
“Transport PA also has a weak positive association with mental health, but the CI is much wider when compared to leisure-time PA.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity domain does not significantly moderate the relationship between PA and mental health (p = .59),as work-related PA (β = -.03),household PA (β = -.03),school sport (β = -.03), and physical education (β = -.03) are all non-significant (p > .05)negative predictor coefficients, compared to leisure-time.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transport PA, household PA, and physical education have no significant association with mental ill-health.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Household physical activity and participation in physical education had no relationship with mental health or mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical activity has a weak negative association with mental ill-health (r = -.09,95% CI = -.13,-.04, p < .001).”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Household PA, school sport, and physical education are not significantly associated with mental health.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Household physical activity and participation in physical education had no relationship with mental health or mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This result is due to a stronger negative association between leisure-time PA and depression (r = -.16),compared to other mental ill-health measures (r = -.03 to -.09).”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leisure-time PA (r = -.11) and school sport (r = -.09) both have an inverse association with mental ill-health.”
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
“Leisure-time PA has a weak inverse association with mental ill-health and large heterogeneity is evident.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transport PA, household PA, and physical education have no significant association with mental ill-health.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Household physical activity and participation in physical education had no relationship with mental health or mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Household PA, school sport, and physical education are not significantly associated with mental health.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Household physical activity and participation in physical education had no relationship with mental health or mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transport PA, household PA, and physical education have no significant association with mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leisure-time PA (r = -.11) and school sport (r = -.09) both have an inverse association with mental ill-health.”
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
“School sport is also significantly associated with mental ill-health, however, the effect (r = -.09) is slightly smaller than leisure-time (r = -.11).”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, PA in the included studies has a weak positive association with mental health (r = .11,95% CI = .07to .17,p < .001).”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“work-related physical activity is positively associated with mental ill-health (r = .09).”
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
“In contrast, work-related PA has a weak positive association with mental ill-health and age is a significant predictor (p = .03)as the association is larger among adults (r = .10)than adolescents (r = .01),but this only explains 13% of the variance.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 shows that the outcome measured is a significant predictor of strength, accounting for 36% of the variance.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While work-related PA is positively associated with mental health, heterogeinety is high and the relationship is not significant.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age, sex, types of measurements, and study design explain little heterogeneity.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, active travel to and from work has a stronger relationship with mental health (r = .28)than active travel where the purpose was not identified or where all active trips were measured together (r = .05).”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Work-related PA | 9 | 14 | .09** | .03, .15”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“heterogeneity remained high in majority of the sub-group metaanalyses”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While school sport was inversely associated with mental ill-health, only two studies were included.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that variation in the effect sizes was not consistently due to age, sex, study design, measures used, or risk of bias.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Household PA | 11 | 16 | .02 | -.04, .08”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Household PA | 4 | 7 | .04 | -.02, .09”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transport-related PA | 7 | 15 | -.02 | -.05, .01”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transport-related PA | 7 | 11 | .13* | .02, .23”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leisure-time PA | 33 | 58 | .13*** | .08, .18”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while no relationship between physical education and mental health or mental ill-health was identified”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this review concludes that the relationship varies between different PA domains.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Work-related PA | 5 | 6 | .10 | -.02, .22”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leisure-time PA | 70 | 116 | -.11*** | -.16, -.06”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing PA during work is not likely to be worthwhile in terms of reducing the prevalence of mental ill-health, as individuals with occupations that involve higher amounts of PA, such as blue collar jobs, are more likely to experience mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The key message from this meta-analysis is that PA is not consistently associated with mental health or mental ill-health across different life domains.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“However, physical activity is not consistently associated with lower mental ill-health across domains as work-related physical activity is positively associated with mental ill-health (r = .09).”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Less is known about whether the relationship between physical activity and mental health is consistent across different life domains.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing PA during work is not likely to be worthwhile in terms of reducing the prevalence of mental ill-health, as individuals with occupations that involve higher amounts of PA, such as blue collar jobs, are more likely to experience mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The domain in which physical activity occurs influences the relationship between physical activity and mental health and should, therefore, be considered when developing interventions, treatment programs, and policy guidelines.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The key message from this meta-analysis is that PA is not consistently associated with mental health or mental ill-health across different life domains.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Less is known about whether the relationship between physical activity and mental health is consistent across different life domains.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, it provides the most comprehensive evidence showing that leisure-time PA is likely to be the an optimal domain to promote mental health and prevent mental ill-health.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Promoting PA specifically during leisure-time, compared to other PA domains, may be most beneficial in terms of mental health promotion and the prevention of mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As such, autonomously motivated behaviours are expected to yield more positive psychological outcomes than behaviours undertaken due to controlled motivation.58,60,61”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Ryan, 2000, Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions, Contemp Educ Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Deci, 2008, Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across lifeʼs domains, Can Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Deci, 2008, Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health, Can Psychol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Leisure-time PA is often a chosen activity in which individuals are likely to participate due to enjoyment or perceived benefits.56,57”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Seippel, 2006, The meanings of sport: Fun, health, beauty or community?, Sport Soc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] McCarthy, 2008, Understanding enjoyment in youth sport: A developmental perspective, Psychol Sport Exerc source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is not enough evidence at this stage to conclude that physical education is not associated with mental health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While school sport was inversely associated with mental ill-health, only two studies were included.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As cross sectional studies cannot infer causality, the study designs of the included studies are a limitation.66”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As cross sectional studies cannot infer causality, the study designs of the included studies are a limitation.66”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Kirk, 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the results of this meta-analyses indicate that, compared to other PA domains, promoting PA during leisure-time is likely to be the most effective method of preventing mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all 98 studies in this review utilised self-report measures of PA.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The small number of studies included for work-related PA, transport PA, household PA, school sport, and physical education, in comparison to leisure-time, is also a limitation as a number of moderator analyses within these domains could not be conducted due to insufficient studies.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Alternatively, work-related PA is likely to be viewed as a compulsory task and may be enforced by another person or only carried out for the purpose of receiving an external reward (i.e., pay).13”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Asztalos, 2009, Specific associations between types of physical activity and components of mental health, J Sci Med Sport sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says active transportation can involve some compulsion: getting to work is “a must,” and economic reasons may motivate biking to work. It does not say that work-related physical activity is enforced by another person or undertaken for pay; its example concerns commuting rather than physical activity performed at work. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Initial agreement between the two reviewers was 90% and the kappa coefficient (κ = .81)indicated strong agreement.48 Upon discussion 100% agreement was achieved.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Risk of Bias
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [48] McHugh, 2012, Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic, Biochemia Medica source
The citation follows the interpretation of κ = .81, not the reviewers’ reported results. In “Theoretical issues in measurement of rater reliability,” McHugh places κ values of .81–1.00 in the “almost perfect agreement” range, supporting the description of .81 as strong agreement. The 90% initial and 100% post-discussion agreement figures are the citing authors’ own results, not findings attributed to McHugh. (LLM, conf=0.91)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Six criterion were adapted from the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement 42 and the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement to assess risk of bias of individual studies.43”
- Also stated in: § Risk of Bias of Individual Studies · plain
“Two reviewers independently assigned a 1 (present and explicitly explained) or a 0 (absent or inadequately described) to each included study on each criterion”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Risk of Bias of Individual Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Von Elm, 2007, The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, Prev Med source
- Supportedcites [43] Moher, 2001, The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials, BMC Med Res Methodol source
The Abstract identifies this paper as the revised CONSORT statement and describes its checklist for reporting randomized trials. It also says checklist items were selected in part because missing information is associated with biased estimates of treatment effect. The citing sentence attributes the six-criterion adaptation to its own authors, not to CONSORT. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Risk of Bias of Individual Studies · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, PA enhances self-efficacy and exposes individuals to challenges that offer opportunities to develop confidence and a sense of mastery.51,52”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [51] Craft, 2004, The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed, Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Self-Efficacy Hypothesis section suggests that exercise may enhance self-efficacy by providing a meaningful mastery experience, which supports the confidence-and-mastery idea. But it describes findings on generalized self-efficacy in clinically depressed people as equivocal, so the citing sentence states the enhancement more definitively than the source does. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Paluska, 2000, Physical activity and mental health, Sports Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While this result is plausible given that mental health and mental ill-health are not always negatively correlated, 65 it demonstrates that workrelated PA is associated with mental health for some people and mental ill-health for others.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [65] Keyes, 2005, Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health, J Consult Clin Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the rationale about mental health and mental ill-health, not to the citing authors’ finding about work-related physical activity. The Discussion (p. 8) says mental health and mental illness are distinct rather than opposite ends of one continuum, but the Results (p. 6) report a negative correlation of −.53 between them. The source therefore supports their not being exact opposites, but not a claim that they are uncorrelated or non-negatively correlated. (LLM, conf=0.82)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further, a number of individual studies have shown that leisure-time PA has a stronger relationship with mental health and mental illhealth, compared to work-related PA, transport PA, and household PA. [13][14][15]”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Context
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Asztalos, 2009, Specific associations between types of physical activity and components of mental health, J Sci Med Sport sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that sports participation, unlike the other activity types studied, was consistently associated with less stress and psychological distress. But the Methods distinguish sports from leisure active transportation, and the study measured commuting activity rather than physical activity performed at work. The finding therefore supports a narrower comparison than the claim's broad leisure-time versus work-related, transport, and household comparison. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Kull, 2012, Relationship between low depressiveness and domain specific physical activity in women, Health Care Woman Int source
- Partly supportedcites [15] Ohta, 2007, Effect of the physical activities in leisure time and commuting to work on mental health, J Occup Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 3) report that greater leisure-time exercise was associated with lower GHQ scores in men, supporting a relationship with mental health. They also report an association for walking or cycling to work in men; the paper does not establish that the leisure-time relationship was stronger, and its stated scope (p. 2) does not include household or work-related physical activity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, Asztalos reported that transport PA was associated with increased stress among blue collar workers but not among white collar workers.13”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Asztalos, 2009, Specific associations between types of physical activity and components of mental health, J Sci Med Sport sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report an association between biking to and from work and more stress specifically in men with blue-collar jobs, not blue-collar workers generally or transport physical activity as a whole. The Discussion says the only significant association among people with white-collar jobs concerned housework and distress, which supports the absence of a reported transport–stress association in that group. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Systematic reviews have shown that physical activity (PA) is associated with greater mental health, 6 and a reduced risk of mental ill-health, specifically depression and anxiety.7,8”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Context
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Bize, 2007, Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: a systematic review, Prev Med source
- Partly supportedcites [7] Biddle, 2011, Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews, Br J Sports Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports potentially beneficial effects on depression and a small beneficial effect on anxiety, and the Overall Conclusions say physically active young people appear less likely to have mental health problems. But the review concerns children and adolescents, not people generally, and describes the evidence for depression as weak and for anxiety as limited. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Supportedcites [8] Janssen, 2010, Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
The cited review treats depression as a measure of mental health (Methods > Eligibility criteria) and reports improvements in depressive symptoms in all three exercise trials it reviewed (Results > Depression). This supports the portion attached to citation 6—an association between physical activity and better mental health—in school-aged children and youth. The separate claim about reduced risk of depression and anxiety is attached to citations 7 and 8, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, PA domain significantly moderates the strength of the relationship between PA and mental ill-health (p < .001)and explains 46% of the variance.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, work-related PA has a weak positive association with mental ill-health and age is a significant predictor (p = .03)as the association is larger among adults (r = .10)than adolescents (r = .01),but this only explains 13% of the variance.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nineteen percent of studies have a high risk of bias and 59% have a moderate risk of bias, while only 18% have a low risk of bias.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Risk of Bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, work-related PA was positively associated with mental health as well as mental ill-health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, age is a significant moderator (p = .002)and explains 89% of the variance, as work-related PA is only positively associated with mental health in the one study examining adults >65 years (r = .37).”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While transport PA is positively associated with mental health among adults, no such relationship was found for adolescents.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The purpose of the trip (e.g., walking to work, walking during leisure-time) is the only significant moderator (p = .01)and explains majority of the variation in effect sizes (R² = 76%).”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Effect Sizes, Heterogeneity, and Moderator Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, 98% of the included studies were observational, the majority of which were cross-sectional.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The methods detailed below were conducted in accordance with the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis' (PRISMA) statement.16”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Evidence Acquisition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement, Ann Intern Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two reviewers independently assessed the title and abstract of each study and records recommended for exclusion by both reviewers were excluded.”
- Also stated in: § Study Selection · plain
“Discrepancies were resolved by discussion between the two reviewers, along with a third reviewer, until consensus was reached.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Study Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Study Selection · plain
In the paper
“Choosing to participate for enjoyment is central to autonomous motivation.58”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Ryan, 2000, Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions, Contemp Educ Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding suggests that PA is not automatically associated with greater mental health and reduced mental ill-health, and that contextual factors are crucial to such relationships.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The distraction hypothesis suggests that PA diverts individuals' attention from stressful life events which leads to improved mental wellbeing.55”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] Leith, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Self-determination theory posits that behaviours which are undertaken due to autonomous motivation are more likely to be associated with the satisfaction of psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness), and that wellbeing is enhanced when an individual's psychological needs are satisfied.59”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Weinstein, 2010, When helping helps: autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient, J Pers Soc Psychol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second reviewer cross-checked the extracted data for accuracy and all discrepancies were discussed and resolved.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Data Extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Alternatively, the social interaction hypothesis suggests that participating in PA with other people may influence mental health outcomes.54”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Bailey, 2005, Physical activity alone and with others as predictors of sense of belonging and mental health in retirees, Aging Ment Health source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While lifestyle PA outside leisure-time may improve people's physical health, such behaviours may not benefit mental health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-significant Egger's test results for the mental health (t = 1.6121 , p = .11)and mental ill-health meta-analyses (t = 0.0925, p = .93)revealed low asymmetry, suggesting low risk of bias across studies.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Risk of Bias
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“studies included in this review measured the relationship between habitual PA and mental health.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Sallis' guideline for interpreting systematic review results states that evidence is inconclusive if less than four studies are included.73”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Sallis, 2000, A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not identifying the source of this variation is a limitation of the current study.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Less is known about whether the relationship between physical activity and mental health is consistent across different life domains.
“However, less is known about whether the relationship between physical activity and mental health is consistent across different life domains.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
“| | Mental health | 1 | 2 | .00 | .09, .17 | n/a | | n/a | | |”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
“| .09, .17 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Discussion
“Secondly, all 98 studies in this review utilised self-report measures of PA.”
§ Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: A meta-analysis > Physical Activity
“Armstrong (2004) Experimental Australia 19 adults (100% female) Mo.= 30 Leisure time n/a Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale”
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, F. T. S. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 · Cited by 23,020
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic
McHugh, M. L. (2012) · Biochemia Medica · doi:10.11613/bm.2012.031 · Cited by 19,877
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 · Cited by 18,666 · cited 3×
“As such, autonomously motivated behaviors are expected to yield more-positive psychological outcomes than behaviors undertaken because of controlled motivation.(58,60,61) Further, evidence also shows that exercise involving choice is associated with increased positive affect and enjoyment, compared with exercise with…”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kandola, A., Ashdown-Franks, G., Hendrikse, J., Sabiston, C. M., & Stubbs, B. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040 · Cited by 1,309
The case for systems thinking about climate change and mental health
Berry, H. L., Waite, T. D., Dear, K. B. G., Capon, A. G., & Murray, V. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0102-4 · Cited by 485
Steptoe, A. (2019) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044150 · Cited by 474
Do we need physical activity guidelines for mental health: What does the evidence tell us?
Teychenne, M. J., White, R. L., Richards, J. A., Schuch, F. B., Rosenbaum, S., & Bennie, J. A. (2019) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2019.100315 · Cited by 302
Self-citationWhite, R. L., Vella, S. A., Biddle, S., Sutcliffe, J., Guagliano, J. M., Uddin, R., Burgin, A., Apostolopoulos, M., Nguyen, T., Young, C., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01676-6 · Cited by 425
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- White, R. L., Babic, M. J., Parker, P. D., Lubans, D. R., Astell-Burt, T., & Lonsdale, C.
- Affiliations
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lonsdale, Chris
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 653-666
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2582924421
- Cited by
- 715
- References
- 192
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DP130104659)
- Australian Postgraduate Award
- Australian Catholic University
- Australian Research Council Future Fellowship
- National Heart Foundation of Australia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Recreational Sport and Physical Activity
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- physical activity, mental health, mental illness, leisure-time physical activity, work-related physical activity, household physical activity, school sports, physical education
- MeSH terms
- Community Participation, Environment, Female, Health Planning, Health Policy, Health Promotion, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Mental Health, United States, Health Behavior, Exercise, Needs Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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