Physical activity and depression: towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity

Kandola, Aaron; Ashdown-Franks, Garcia; Hendrikse, Joshua; Sabiston, Catherine M.; Stubbs, Brendon

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040

Cited by 1,309Physical Activity and HealthTreatment of Major DepressionTryptophan and brain disorders

Physical activity and depression: towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity

Kandola, Aaron, Ashdown-Franks, Garcia, Hendrikse, Joshua, Sabiston, Catherine M., Stubbs, Brendon·2019·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040

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Abstract

Physical activity can treat and prevent depressive symptoms, but its antidepressant mechanisms are yet to be established. In this review, we comprehensively assess key biological and psychosocial mechanisms through which physical activity exerts antidepressant effects, with a particular focus on exercise. Exercise, a subset of physical activity, influences a range of biological and psychosocial processes also implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. We focus on the capacity for exercise to elicit changes in neuroplasticity, inflammation, oxidative stress, the endocrine system, self-esteem, social support and self-efficacy. We also discuss how a better understanding of these mechanisms can inform the way we design and implement exercise-based interventions to maximise their antidepressant effects on an individual basis. We conclude by presenting a conceptual framework of the key biological and psychosocial mechanisms underlying the relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms, and the moderators and confounders that may influence it.

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Wearable activity trackers have the potential to improve psychosocial outcomes such as depression and anxiety through increases in physical activity, because physical activity has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects.
“Wearable activity trackers also have the potential to improve psychosocial outcomes, such as depression and anxiety, through increases in physical activity, as physical activity is shown to have anti depressant 12 and anxiolytic 13 effects.”
From Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2022) · cites this paper as [12]

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Chapter 1 Effect Of Exercise On Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
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Toll-like receptor 4 and CD14 mRNA expression are lower in resistive exercise-trained elderly women
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A Systematic Review of the Acute Effects of Exercise on Immune and Inflammatory Indices in Untrained Adults
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Multiplexing of Theta and Alpha Rhythms in the Amygdala-Hippocampal Circuit Supports Pattern Separation of Emotional Information
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Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Depressive symptoms and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour throughout adolescence: a prospective cohort study
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Physical activity and mental health: a systematic review and best-evidence synthesis of mediation and moderation studies
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Exercise sustains the hallmarks of health
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Associations of sedentary time and physical activity with adverse health conditions: Outcome-wide analyses using isotemporal substitution model
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Effects of yoga on depressive symptoms in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Physical Activity Interventions to Alleviate Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
Recchia, F., Bernal, J. D. K., Fong, D., Wong, S. H., Chung, P., Chan, D. K. C., Capio, C. M., Yu, C. C.-W., Wong, S. W. S., Sit, C. H. P., et al. (2023) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5090 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Clinical guidelines for the use of lifestyle-based mental health care in major depressive disorder: World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Australasian Society of Lifestyle Medicine (ASLM) taskforce
Marx, W., Manger, S., Blencowe, M., Murray, G., Ho, F. Y., Lawn, S., Blumenthal, J. A., Schuch, F. B., Stubbs, B., Ruusunen, A. A., et al. (2022) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2022.2112074 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
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The Effects and Mechanisms of Exercise on the Treatment of Depression
Xie, Y., Wu, Z., Sun, L., Zhou, L., Wang, G., Xiao, L., & Wang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.705559 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of exercise contributing to tissue regeneration
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Association Between Current Physical Activity and Current Perceived Anxiety and Mood in the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Confinement
López‐Bueno, R., Calatayud, J., Ezzatvar, Y., Casajús, J. A., Smith, L., Andersen, L. L., & Sánchez, G. F. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00729 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Physical activity reduces the role of blood cadmium on depression: A cross-sectional analysis with NHANES data
Tian, X., Xue, B., Wang, B., Lei, R., Shan, X., Niu, J., & Luo, B. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119211 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Association Between Joint Physical Activity and Dietary Quality and Lower Risk of Depression Symptoms in US Adults: Cross-sectional NHANES Study
Liang, J., Huang, S., Jiang, N., Kakaer, A., Chen, Y., Liu, M., Pu, Y., Huang, S.-Y., Pu, X.-Y., Zhao, Y., et al. (2023) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/45776 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Immediate Impact of the COVID-19 Confinement on Physical Activity Levels in Spanish Adults
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Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Depression and Anxiety During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
Hu, S., Tucker, L. D., Wu, C., & Yang, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587557 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Depression
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Optimising the effects of physical activity on mental health and wellbeing: A joint consensus statement from Sports Medicine Australia and the Australian Psychological Society
Vella, S. A., Aidman, E., Teychenne, M. J., Smith, J. J., Swann, C., Rosenbaum, S., White, R. L., & Lubans, D. R. (2023) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2023.01.001 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Nrf2: An all-rounder in depression
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Higher HEI-2015 Score Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Depression: Result from NHANES 2005–2016
Wang, K., Zhao, Y., Nie, J., Xu, H., Yu, C., & Wang, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020348 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The roles of exercise tolerance and resilience in the effect of physical activity on emotional states among college students
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Muscle strength and incidence of depression and anxiety: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study
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Moving More and Sitting Less as Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors are Protective Factors for Insomnia, Depression, and Anxiety Among Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Physical activity and prevention of mental health complications: An umbrella review
Rahmati, M., Lee, S., Yon, D. K., Lee, S. W., Udeh, R., McEvoy, M., Oh, H. Y., Butler, L. T., Keyes, H., Barnett, Y., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105641 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Exercise as a therapeutic modality for the prevention and treatment of depression
Blumenthal, J. A., & Rozanski, A. (2023) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2023.02.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Risk factors for falls in older people with cognitive impairment living in the community: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Chantanachai, T., Sturnieks, D. L., Lord, S. R., Payne, N., Webster, L., & Taylor, M. E. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101452 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Impact of replacing sedentary behaviour with other movement behaviours on depression and anxiety symptoms: a prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank
Kandola, A. A., Cruz, B. D. P., Osborn, D., Stubbs, B., Choi, K. W., & Hayes, J. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-021-02007-3 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
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The role of dietary intake of live microbes in the association between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms: a population-based study
You, Y., Wang, R., Li, J., Cao, F., Zhang, Y., & Ma, X. (2024) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2023-0550 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Better together: How group-based physical activity protects against depression
Stevens, M. R., Lieschke, J., Cruwys, T., Cárdenas, D., Platow, M. J., & Reynolds, K. J. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114337 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Air pollution in association with mental and self-rated health and the mediating effect of physical activity
Hautekiet, P., Saenen, N. D., Demarest, S. S., Keune, H., Pelgrims, I., der Heyden, J. V., Clercq, E. M. D., & Nawrot, T. S. (2022) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00839-x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Association between chronic diseases and depression in the middle-aged and older adult Chinese population—a seven-year follow-up study based on CHARLS
Zhou, P., Wang, S., Ya, Y., Lü, Q., Pei, J., Guo, W., Yang, X., & Li, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1176669 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Randomised controlled cognition trials in remitted patients with mood disorders published between 2015 and 2021: A systematic review by the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Targeting Cognition Task Force
Miskowiak, K. W., Seeberg, I., Jensen, M. B., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Bonnín, C. D. M., Bowie, C. R., Carvalho, A. F., Dols, A., Douglas, K. M., Gallagher, P., et al. (2022) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13193 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Jasmine Tea Attenuates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behavior in Rats via the Gut-Brain Axis
Zhang, Y., Huang, J., Xiong, Y., Zhang, X., Lin, Y., & Liu, Z. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010099 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
From movement to motivation: a proposed framework to understand the antidepressant effect of exercise
Hird, E. J., Slanina-Davies, A., Lewis, G., Hamer, M., & Roiser, J. P. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02922-y · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hydroxytyrosol alleviates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and enhances hippocampal neurotrophic signaling to improve stress-induced depressive behaviors in mice
Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Yin, H., Shen, L., Zheng, W., Zhang, K., Zeng, J., Hu, C., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo00210d · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Association between cardiometabolic index and depression: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014
Zhou, X., Tao, X., Zhang, L., Yang, Q.-K., Li, Z.-J., Dai, L., Ya, L., Zhu, G., Wu, Z.-F., Yang, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.024 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Physical inactivity and elevated TV-viewing reported changes during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with mental health: A survey with 43,995 Brazilian adults
Werneck, A. O., da Silva, D. R. P., Malta, D. C., Júnior, P. R. B. D. S., Azevedo, L. O., Barros, M. B. D. A., & Szwarcwald, C. L. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110292 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The impact of Exergames on emotional experience: a systematic review
Marques, L. M., Uchida, P. M., & Barbosa, S. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1209520 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Latent profile analysis of depression among older adults living alone in China
Hou, B., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.154 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Recent advances in the study of the neurobiological mechanisms behind the effects of physical activity on mood, resilience and emotional disorders
Chen, C., & Nakagawa, S. (2023) · Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.17219/acem/171565 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of running exercise on hippocampal microglia and neuroinflammation in chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression model rats
Xiao, K., Luo, Y., Liang, X., Tang, J., Wang, J., Xiao, Q., Qi, Y., Li, Y., Zhu, P., Yang, H., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01571-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Exercise improves depression through positive modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A review based on 100 manuscripts over 20 years
Jemni, M., Zaman, R., Carrick, F. R., Clarke, N. D., Marina, M., Bottoms, L. M., Matharoo, J. S., Ramsbottom, R., Hoffman, N., Groves, S. J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1102526 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Physical activity before and during pregnancy and maternal mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Cai, C., Busch, S., Wang, R., Sivak, A., & Davenport, M. H. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.143 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Urban-rural differences in the association between social activities and depressive symptoms among older adults in China: a cross-sectional study
Wang, Y., Li, Z., & Fu, C. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02541-y · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Lifestyle behaviors, psychological distress, and well-being: A daily diary study
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Ferulic acid: An extraordinarily neuroprotective phenolic acid with anti-depressive properties
Dong, X., & Huang, R. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154355 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Clusters of healthy lifestyle behaviours are associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Bourke, M., Wang, H., McNaughton, S. A., Thomas, G., Firth, J., Trott, M., & Cairney, J. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102585 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
PI3K-AKT/mTOR Signaling in Psychiatric Disorders: A Valuable Target to Stimulate or Suppress?
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Authors: Kandola, A., Ashdown-Franks, G., Hendrikse, J., Sabiston, C. M., & Stubbs, B.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Monash University (AU)
University of Toronto (CA)
National Health Service (GB)
Corresponding author: Kandola, Aaron
ORCID: Kandola, Aaron
Hendrikse, Joshua
Sabiston, Catherine M.
Stubbs, Brendon
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-12
Volume: 107
Pages: 525-539
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040
OpenAlex: W2978644324
Semantic Scholar: 670b2192975cd4b76fb8c9b5e099dff17236b86b
Cited by: 1,309
References: 274
Citations by year: 2026: 228 · 2025: 299 · 2024: 241 · 2023: 208 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 9.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research at York St John (York St John University) (acceptedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: ESRC (ES/P000592/1)
Mitacs Globalink Award
Canada Research Chairs Program
RTS scholarship
Health Education England
National Institute for Health Research HEE NIHR ICA Program Clinical Lectureship (ICA‐CL‐2017‐03‐001)
Maudsley Charity and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research
Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords: physical activity, depression, antidepressant mechanism, neuroplasticity, inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine system, self-esteem, social support, self-efficacy, exercise-based interventions
MeSH terms: Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Neuronal Plasticity, Social Support, Exercise

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Physical activity and depression: towards understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity

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