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Obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase rapidly in the United States, with more than half of all adults currently overweight or obese. In general, people become obese because of a combination of inherited genes and a lifestyle consisting of low levels of physical activity and consumption of excess calories. Obesity, especially the central or visceral type, is a predisposing factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with insulin resistance. The relation among obesity, insulin resistance, and CVD appears to develop at a relatively young age. Central obesity is linked with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and proinflammatory and prothrombotic clinical states. Adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes biologically active molecules that may affect CVD risk factors. These chemical messengers include adiponectin, resistin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. In overweight and obese individuals, weight loss may improve insulin sensitivity, leading to reduction in risk factors for CVD and, consequently, the potential for cardiovascular events. Agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones, have been shown to reduce visceral obesity. Decreases in visceral adipose tissue contribute to improvements in insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, and weight loss reduces serum levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while increasing serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Reduction of risk factors suggests that the development of cardiovascular disease will be reduced by the improvement of insulin sensitivity and weight loss.
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“Indeed, central obesity is undeniably a risk marker, and probably a risk factor for the development and progression of coronary artery disease (43, 105, 185–188, 229, 241, 328).”
From Cardiac remodeling in obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [328]
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“In this perspective, obesity at early ages is considered as a latent risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including diabetes, hypertension anddyslipidemia.”
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“…for many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (Barnes, 2011; Lindstrom & Tuomilehto, 2003), cardiovascular disease (Dhingra & Vasan, 2012; Sowers, 2003), and some forms of cancer (De Pergola & Silvestris, 2013; U.S. Cancer Statistics This is an open access article under the terms of…”
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“In overweight and obese individuals, weight loss may improve insulin sensitivity leading to a reduction in risk factors for CVD and, consequently, the potential for CVD and chronic kidney disease [4].”
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“A previous study in a rural area of South Africa reported that approximately a fifth of the women and a third of the men in the same community had a 20% or more chance of suffering a CVD event in the next 10 years (Alberts, Urdal, Steyn, Stensvold, Tverdal, Nel & Steyn, 2005).”
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“Sowers (2003) has found evidence of an association between a high body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular disease risk factors.”
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“The doses usually used in type 2 diabetes are not enough to induce a significant weight loss, but they may prevent further weight gain, and this may have positive effects on the general profile of CVD risk [ 7 ].”
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“Obesity is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Sowers, 2003) and is defined on the basis of the body mass index (BMI) because this measurement correlates strongly with total body fat content in adults.”
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“3 women [17].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sowers, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sowers, James R
- ORCID
- Sowers, James R
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 37-41
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053454761
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 5.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL63904-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- obesity, cardiovascular disease, abdominal obesity, visceral adipose tissue, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, weight loss, thiazolidinediones, hypertension, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Motor Activity, Obesity, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence
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