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Obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase rapidly in the United States, with more than half of all adults currently overweight or obese. In general, people become obese because of a combination of inherited genes and a lifestyle consisting of low levels of physical activity and consumption of excess calories. Obesity, especially the central or visceral type, is a predisposing factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with insulin resistance. The relation among obesity, insulin resistance, and CVD appears to develop at a relatively young age. Central obesity is linked with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and proinflammatory and prothrombotic clinical states. Adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes biologically active molecules that may affect CVD risk factors. These chemical messengers include adiponectin, resistin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. In overweight and obese individuals, weight loss may improve insulin sensitivity, leading to reduction in risk factors for CVD and, consequently, the potential for cardiovascular events. Agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones, have been shown to reduce visceral obesity. Decreases in visceral adipose tissue contribute to improvements in insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, and weight loss reduces serum levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while increasing serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Reduction of risk factors suggests that the development of cardiovascular disease will be reduced by the improvement of insulin sensitivity and weight loss.
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“Indeed, central obesity is undeniably a risk marker, and probably a risk factor for the development and progression of coronary artery disease (43, 105, 185–188, 229, 241, 328).”
From Cardiac remodeling in obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [328]
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“이 같은 요인들 중 비만지표들은 고지혈증 과의 밀접한 관련성으로 인해 대사증후군 발생의 위험성 을 가중시키는데 큰 영향력을 미치는 요인으로 확인되고 있다[18,19].”
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“비만과 관련된 역학조사 연구에 의하면, 비만은 이상 지질혈증(Dyslipidemia)과의 밀접한 관련성으로 인해 관 상동맥질환의 위험성을 가중시키는데 큰 영향력을 미치 는 요인으로 확인되고 있으며, 고혈압, 지질대사 및 당 대 사 이상 등의 여러 가지 위험인자와 관련이 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다[8-10].”
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“비만은 심장근육세포의 크기와 단백질 합성을 증가시켜 심장비대 를 초래하며, 이는 심장 기능에 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 심장질환을 발 생하게 한다[1-4].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sowers, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sowers, James R
- ORCID
- Sowers, James R
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 37-41
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053454761
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 5.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL63904-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- obesity, cardiovascular disease, abdominal obesity, visceral adipose tissue, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, weight loss, thiazolidinediones, hypertension, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Motor Activity, Obesity, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence
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