The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase rapidly in the United States, with more than half of all adults currently overweight or obese. In general, people become obese because of a combination of inherited genes and a lifestyle consisting of low levels of physical activity and consumption of excess calories. Obesity, especially the central or visceral type, is a predisposing factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with insulin resistance. The relation among obesity, insulin resistance, and CVD appears to develop at a relatively young age. Central obesity is linked with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and proinflammatory and prothrombotic clinical states. Adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes biologically active molecules that may affect CVD risk factors. These chemical messengers include adiponectin, resistin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. In overweight and obese individuals, weight loss may improve insulin sensitivity, leading to reduction in risk factors for CVD and, consequently, the potential for cardiovascular events. Agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones, have been shown to reduce visceral obesity. Decreases in visceral adipose tissue contribute to improvements in insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, and weight loss reduces serum levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while increasing serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Reduction of risk factors suggests that the development of cardiovascular disease will be reduced by the improvement of insulin sensitivity and weight loss.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Indeed, central obesity is undeniably a risk marker, and probably a risk factor for the development and progression of coronary artery disease (43, 105, 185–188, 229, 241, 328).”
From Cardiac remodeling in obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [328]
Citations
Cites
(1998) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e565682010-001 · Cited by 9,453
Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.356 · Cited by 6,698
Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001
Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Dietz, W. H., Vinicor, F., Bales, V. S., & Marks, J. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.76 · Cited by 5,866
Yamauchi, T., Kamon, J., Waki, H., Terauchi, Y., Kubota, N., Hara, K., Mori, Y., Ide, T., Murakami, K., Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N., et al. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/90984 · Cited by 4,915
Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome
Isomaa, B., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Forsén, B., Lahti, K., Nissén, M., Taskinen, M.-R., & Groop, L. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.4.683 · Cited by 4,760
The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes
Steppan, C. M., Bailey, S. T., Bhat, S., Brown, E. J., Banerjee, R. R., Wright, C. M., Patel, H. R., Ahima, R. S., & Lazar, M. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35053000 · Cited by 4,755
Hotamisligil, G. S., Arner, P., Caro, J. F., Atkinson, R. L., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117936 · Cited by 3,543
Plasma Concentrations of a Novel, Adipose-Specific Protein, Adiponectin, in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Hotta, K., Funahashi, T., Arita, Y., Takahashi, M., Matsuda, M., Okamoto, Y., Iwahashi, H., Kuriyama, H., Ouchi, N., Maeda, K., et al. (2000) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.20.6.1595 · Cited by 3,133
The Continuing Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes in the United States
Mokdad, A. H. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.10.1195 · Cited by 2,730
Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults
Visser, M. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.22.2131 · Cited by 2,494
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Overweight and obesity threaten US health gains: communities can help address the problem, Surgeon General says [press release]. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; December 13, 2001
- Kelley, 2002, Comparative effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on fatty liver and visceral adiposity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes, 51, A35
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Newgard, C. B., An, J., Bain, J. R., Muehlbauer, M. J., Stevens, R. D., Lien, L. F., Haqq, A. M., Shah, S. H., Arlotto, M., Slentz, C. A., et al. (2009) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.02.002 · Cited by 3,165
“Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in many countries around the world and is strongly linked to a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (Hedley et al., 2004; Sowers, 2003).”
BackgroundAdipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease
Berg, A. H., & Scherer, P. E. (2005) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000163635.62927.34 · Cited by 2,113
Biodegradable Cellulose-based Hydrogels: Design and Applications
Sannino, A., Demitri, C., & Madaghiele, M. (2009) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma2020353 · Cited by 847
“Moreover, being overweight or obese often has a dramatic impact on the psychological well-being, reducing the overall quality of life [62-64].”
BackgroundAbel, E. D., Litwin, S. E., & Sweeney, G. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2007 · Cited by 736
Adiponectin: A Novel Adipokine Linking Adipocytes and Vascular Function
Goldstein, B. J., & Scalia, R. G. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0518 · Cited by 647
“Insulin resistance, a failure of circulating insulin to elicit its expected responses in glucose and lipid metabolism, plays a key role in the development of the metabolic syndrome, a complex set of risk factors, including hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia, that dramatically heighte…”
Role of Chromium in Human Health and in Diabetes
Cefalu, W. T., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2741 · Cited by 592
Eyre, H., Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee, ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee Members, Clark, N. G., Doyle, C., Hong, Y., Gansler, T., Glynn, T., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133321.00456.00 · Cited by 542
Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association
Bays, H. E., Toth, P. P., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Abate, N., Aronne, L. J., Brown, W. V., Gonzalez-Campoy, J. M., Jones, S. R., Kumar, R., La Forge, R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2013.04.001 · Cited by 521
“Insulin resistance is devastating to the cardiovascular system because it induces low HDL-C, elevated TG and small, dense LDL particles, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, glucose intolerance, heightened systemic inflammatory and oxidative tone, and a prothrombotic state.(122) A low serum HDL-C (,40 mg/dL in men a…”
BackgroundPlatelet activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Ferroni, P., Basili, S., Falco, A., & Davì, G. (2004) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00836.x · Cited by 493
Te Morenga, L. A., Howatson, A. J., Jones, R. M., & Mann, J. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.081521 · Cited by 509
Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety
Shaito, A. A., Thuan, D. T. B., Hoa, P. T., Nguyen, T. H. D., Hasan, H. A., Halabi, S., Abdelhady, S., Nasrallah, G. K., Eid, A. H., & Pintus, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00422 · Cited by 486
Inflammation, a Link between Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Wang, Z., & Nakayama, T. (2010) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2010/535918 · Cited by 433
“Obesity, the most common nutritional disorder in industrialized countries, is associated with an increased mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1].”
BackgroundNampt: linking NAD biology, metabolism and cancer
Garten, A., Petzold-Quinque, S., Körner, A., Imai, S., & Kieß, W. (2008) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2008.10.004 · Cited by 399
“In the pathophysiology of obesity and T2DM, it has been revealed that chronic inflammation plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and other associated complications, such as atherosclerosis[39,40,41,42].”
Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly
Liu, H., Bravata, D. M., Olkin, I., Nayak, S., Roberts, B., Garber, A. M., & Hoffman, A. R. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00005 · Cited by 370
“Although GH use may decrease total cholesterol levels minimally, this effect did not remain robust in sensitivity analysis and may be related to changes in body composition (81, 82) rather than to an intrinsic effect on cholesterol metabolism.”
BackgroundWessel, T. R. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.10.1179 · Cited by 367
Darvall, K., Sam, R. C., Silverman, S., Bradbury, A. W., & Adam, D. J. (2006) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.10.006 · Cited by 337
Eyre, H. J., Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., Clark, N. G., Doyle, C., Gansler, T. S., Glynn, T., Hong, Y., Smith, R. A., Taubert, K. A., et al. (2004) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.4.190 · Cited by 331
Obesity: epidemiology and clinical aspects
Formiguera, X., & Cantón, A. (2004) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2004.06.030 · Cited by 331
Kim, J. Y., Park, J. Y., Kim, O. Y., Ham, B. M., Kim, H., Kwon, D. Y., Jang, Y., & Lee, J. H. (2010) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr100101p · Cited by 292
Park, S.-Y., Cho, Y.-R., Kim, H.-J., Higashimori, T., Danton, C., Lee, M.-K., Dey, A., Rothermel, B., Kim, Y.-B., Kalinowski, A., et al. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3530 · Cited by 286
“The incidence of obesity, which increases the risk for development of type 2 diabetes and CVD, also continues to rise rapidly worldwide (3,4).”
BackgroundHaak, T., Tiengo, A., Draeger, E., Suntum, M., & Waldhäusl, W. K. (2004) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00373.x · Cited by 277
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Psoriasis
Löve, Þ. J., Qureshi, A. A., Karlson, E. W., Gelfand, J. M., & Choi, H. K. (2010) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2010.370 · Cited by 271
“These lifestyle interventions, particularly weight reduction, may even enhance the efficacy of psoriasis treatment, as demonstrated in a recent randomized trial(33) and by case reports of dramatic improvement of psoriasis after gastrectomy for obesity.(34) The close association with the metabolic syndrome and its comp…”
BackgroundImpact of morbid obesity on medical expenditures in adults
Arterburn, D. E., Maciejewski, M. L., & Tsevat, J. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802896 · Cited by 274
Sironi, A. M., Gastaldelli, A., Mari, A., Ciociaro, D., Postano, V., Buzzigoli, E., Ghione, S., Turchi, S., Lombardi, M., & Ferrannini, E. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000137982.10191.0a · Cited by 273
Mauro, M., Taylor, V. H., Wharton, S., & Sharma, A. M. (2007) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2007.09.011 · Cited by 269
“Obese individuals have increased risk of cardiovascular disease [51].”
BackgroundPulmonary Function and Abdominal Adiposity in the General Population
Ochs‐Balcom, H. M., Grant, B. J. B., Muti, P. C., Sempos, C. T., Freudenheim, J. L., Trevisan, M., Cassano, P. A., Iacoviello, L., & Schünemann, H. J. (2006) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.129.4.853 · Cited by 252
Renal injury in the extremely obese patients with normal renal function
Serra, A., Romero, R., López, D., Navarro-Díaz, M., Esteve, A., Pérez‐Álvarez, N., Alastrue, A., & Ariza, A. (2008) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002796 · Cited by 236
Reducing weight increases postural stability in obese and morbid obese men
Teasdale, N., Hue, O. A., Marcotte, J., Berrigan, F., Simoneau, M., Doré, J., Marceau, P., Marceau, S., & Tremblay, A. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803360 · Cited by 221
Greco, E., Fornari, R., Rossi, F., Santiemma, V., Prossomariti, G., Annoscia, C., Aversa, A., Brama, M., Marini, M., Donini, L., et al. (2010) · International journal of clinical practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02301.x · Cited by 228
Li, S., Guo, B., Chen, H., Shi, Z., Li, Y., Tian, Q., & Shi, S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43776-5 · Cited by 213
The metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome
Essah, P. A., & Nestler, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03345554 · Cited by 194
Obesity and cardiovascular disease: From pathophysiology to risk stratification
Marinou, K., Tousoulis, D., Antonopoulos, A. S., Stefanadi, E., & Stefanadis, C. (2009) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.135 · Cited by 191
“BMI fails to consider body fat distribution [11], which is an important component for the definition of obesity [3].”
BackgroundMarrelli, M., Amodeo, V., Statti, G. A., & Conforti, F. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24010119 · Cited by 190
“Obesity, especially the central or visceral type, is a predisposing factor not only for the development of diabetes and hypertension but also cardiovascular diseases [103].”
BackgroundCentral obesity and the Mediterranean diet: A systematic review of intervention trials
Bendall, C. L., Mayr, H. L., Opie, R. S., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Itsiopoulos, C., & Thomas, C. J. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1351917 · Cited by 172
Gruen, M. L., Hao, M., Piston, D. W., & Hasty, A. H. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00062.2007 · Cited by 183
Coronary Heart Disease in Patients With Diabetes
Berry, C., Tardif, J., & Bourassa, M. G. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.046 · Cited by 170
Weinbrenner, T., Schröder, H., Escurriol, V., Fitó, M., Elosúa, R., Vila, J., Marrugat, J., & Covas, M. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.1.30 · Cited by 170
“This is due to its association with a series of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (4).”
BackgroundImpact of obesity on venous hemodynamics of the lower limbs
Willenberg, T., Schumacher, A., Amann-Vesti, B. R., Jacomella, V., Thalhammer, C., Diehm, N., Baumgärtner, I., & Husmann, M. J. W. (2010) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.04.023 · Cited by 169
“However, this marker fails considering the distribution of fat.(16) In view of the relationship between central obesity and coronary heart disease waist circumference and WHR are accepted.”
BackgroundAssociation of Body Mass Index With Blood Pressure Among 1.7 Million Chinese Adults
Linderman, G. C., Lu, J., Lu, Y., Sun, X., Xu, W., Nasir, K., Schulz, W. L., Jiang, L., & Krumholz, H. M. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1271 · Cited by 165
Varady, K. A., & Jones, P. J. H. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.8.1829 · Cited by 164
Heraclides, A., Chandola, T., Witte, D. R., & Brunner, E. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.95 · Cited by 170
“Excess body fat accumulation, for which BMI is a relatively accurate surrogate, has been linked to profound endocrine changes related to T2DM (13).”
BackgroundAdipocyte-Derived Serum Amyloid A3 and Hyaluronan Play a Role in Monocyte Recruitment and Adhesion
Han, C. Y., Subramanian, S., Chan, C. K., Omer, M., Chiba, T., Wight, T. N., & Chait, A. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0218 · Cited by 164
Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species on Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue
Han, C. Y. (2016) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2016.40.4.272 · Cited by 159
“The presence of systemic inflammation in visceral obesity has been linked to an increased risk of developing CVD and type 2 diabetes [10-12].”
BackgroundRole of Heme Oxygenase in Inflammation, Insulin-Signalling, Diabetes and Obesity
Ndisang, J. F. (2010) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2010/359732 · Cited by 160
“In T2D diabetic patients, insulin resistance may lead to metabolic syndrome, a pathological condition with hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia [122, 134, 135].”
BackgroundAldosterone: Role in the Cardiometabolic Syndrome and Resistant Hypertension
Whaley‐Connell, A. T., Johnson, M. S., & Sowers, J. R. (2010) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.12.004 · Cited by 155
Self-citationPrevalence of Uncomplicated Obesity in an Italian Obese Population
Iacobellis, G., Ribaudo, M. C., Zappaterreno, A., Iannucci, C. V., & Leonetti, F. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.130 · Cited by 151
Mutungi, G., Ratliff, J. C., Puglisi, M. J., Torres‐Gonzalez, M., Vaishnav, U., Leite, J. O. M., Quann, E. E., Volek, J. S., & Fernández, M. L. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.2.272 · Cited by 151
The interplay between adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system: is fat always bad?
Akoumianakis, I., & Antoniades, C. A. (2017) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvx111 · Cited by 155
“1 Cross-talk of ATwith the vascular wall Obesity has been linked to vascular disease progression.(8) Visceral AT”
Coronary Heart Disease in Patients With Diabetes
Berry, C., Tardif, J., & Bourassa, M. G. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.045 · Cited by 151
The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Metabolic Syndrome
Whaley‐Connell, A. T., McCullough, P. A., & Sowers, J. R. (2011) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3909/ricm0555 · Cited by 146
Self-citationPatient-Related Diet and Exercise Counseling: Do Providers’ Own Lifestyle Habits Matter?
Howe, M., Leidel, A., Krishnan, S. M., Weber, A., Rubenfire, M., & Jackson, E. A. (2010) · Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7141.2010.00079.x · Cited by 139
Is obesity in women protective against osteoporosis?
Migliaccio, S., Greco, E. A., Fornari, F., Donini, L. M., & Lenzi (2011) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s11920 · Cited by 143
“diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease, and have an increased risk of developing some cancers.(3,9,10) Interestingly, these women have always been considered protected against osteoporosis.”
BackgroundAnthropometry, Body Fat, and Venous Thromboembolism
Severinsen, M. T., Kristensen, S. R., Johnsen, S. P., Dethlefsen, C., Tjønneland, A. M., & Overvad, K. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.863241 · Cited by 136
Metallothionein Prevents High-Fat Diet–Induced Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction
Dong, F., Li, Q., Sreejayan, N., Nunn, J. M., & Ren, J. T. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1596 · Cited by 136
“Our current observation of compromised myocardial and cardiomyocyte contractile function (reduced fraction shortening, enlarged ESD, depressed peak shortening and dL/dt, and prolonged TR90) following high-fat diet intake is consistent with previous findings from both human and experimental obesity (3,7,8,24).”
BackgroundResultPreventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes
Eyre, H. J., Kahn, R., & Robertson, R. M. (2004) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000133321.00456.00 · Cited by 136
Nutrition in primary care: current practices, attitudes, and barriers.
Wynn, K., Trudeau, J. D., Taunton, K., Gowans, M. C., & Scott, I. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 134
Huang, H., Jiang, X., Xiao, Z., Yu, L., Pham, Q., Sun, J., Chen, P. C., Yokoyama, W., Yu, L. L., Luo, Y., et al. (2016) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03805 · Cited by 144
Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes
Eyre, H. J., Kahn, R., & Robertson, R. M. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.7.1812 · Cited by 140
Wikström, K., Lindström, J., Harald, K., Peltonen, M., & Laatikainen, T. K. (2015) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.02.012 · Cited by 126
“Obesity and high blood pressure are globally known risk factors for CVD and premature deaths [14,23].”
BackgroundMetabolomic Biomarkers for Obesity in Humans: A Short Review
Rauschert, S., Uhl, O., Koletzko, B. V., & Hellmuth, C. (2014) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000365040 · Cited by 126
Overnutrition, mTOR signaling, and cardiovascular diseases
Jia, G., Aroor, A. R., Martinez-Lemus, L. A., & Sowers, J. R. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00262.2014 · Cited by 122
“Indeed, obesity has been associated with increased coagulability, endothelial dysfunction, increased systemic inflammation, and other clinical consequences, such as hypertension, coronary artery diseases, insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes, and CRS (72).”
Self-citationMADANI, S., DEGIROLAMO, S., MUNOZ, D., LI, R., & SWEENEY, G. (2006) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.11.022 · Cited by 122
“Given the increasing prevalence of obesity and its association with the development of heart failure [1,2,28], understanding the mechanisms underlying this association is imperative.”
BackgroundThe Joint Effects of Physical Activity and Body Mass Index on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Women
Weinstein, A. R., Sesso, H. D., Lee, I.-M., Rexrode, K. M., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., & Gaziano, J. M. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.8.884 · Cited by 119
“Adipocytes release free fattyacids, interleukins, andcytokines thatmay have adverse effects on cardiac function by accelerating atherosclerosis and increasingendothelialdysfunction, coagulability,andinflammation.(32,33)Thereisevidencethatphysical activity improves endothelial function and reduces vascular resistance.”
BackgroundSerra, A., Granada, M. L., Romero, R., Bayés, B., Cantón, A., Bonet, J., Rull, M., Alastrue, A., & Formiguera, X. (2006) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.014 · Cited by 119
The Role of Overweight and Obesity in the Cardiorenal Syndrome
Sowers, J. R., Whaley‐Connell, A. T., & Hayden, M. R. (2011) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000322822 · Cited by 121
“Overweight and obesity occur in >72 million American adults [ , , ,”
BackgroundSelf-citationC-Reactive Protein: Clinical and Epidemiological Perspectives
Salazar, J., Martínez, M. S., Chávez, M., Toledo, A., Añez, R., Torres, Y., Apruzzese, V., Silva, C., Rojas, J., & Bermúdez, V. (2014) · Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2014/605810 · Cited by 117
“(viii) Obesity [40] (viii) Alcohol [41]”
Uzun, H., Zengin, K., Taşkın, M., Aydın, S., Şimşek, G., & Darıyerli, N. (2004) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089204323093453 · Cited by 116
Differences in stem and progenitor cell yield in different subcutaneous adipose tissue depots
Fraser, J. K., Wulur, I. H., Alfonso, Z., Zhu, M., & Wheeler, E. S. (2007) · Cytotherapy · doi:10.1080/14653240701358460 · Cited by 116
Leggate, M., Carter, W. G., Evans, M. J. C., Vennard, R. A., Sribala-Sundaram, S., & Nimmo, M. A. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01080.2011 · Cited by 113
“ICAM-1 is a vascular cell adhesion molecule that is used as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction and can independently predict CVD (46).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe association between metabolic health, obesity phenotype and the risk of breast cancer
Park, Y., White, A. J., Nichols, H. B., O’Brien, K. M., Weinberg, C. R., & Sandler, D. P. (2017) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30684 · Cited by 112
Programming of obesity and cardiovascular disease
Remacle, C., Bieswal, F., & Reusens, B. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802800 · Cited by 109
Adipose tissue, inflammation and cardiovascular disease
Ikeoka, D., Mader, J. K., & Pieber, T. R. (2010) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/s0104-42302010000100026 · Cited by 110
Koolhaas, C. M., Dhana, K., Schoufour, J. D., Ikram, M. A., Kavousi, M., & Franco, O. H. (2017) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487317693952 · Cited by 162
“Adipose tissue releases free fatty acids, interleukins and cytokines that influence cardiac function by accelerating atherosclerotic processes, inflammation, and endothelial and coagulation dysfunction.(28,29) The plausible mechanisms through which physical activity has been suggested to improve CVD risk are improved…”
BackgroundTurdi, S., Kandadi, M. R., Zhao, J., Huff, A. F., Du, M., & Ren, J. (2011) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.12.007 · Cited by 103
“Our present study revealed glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, cardiac morphological and contractile defects following high fat feeding, consistent with the previous reports in both human and experimental models of obesity [1,3,6,8,9].”
Ceylan‐Isik, A. F., Kandadi, M. R., Xu, X., Hua, Y., Chicco, A. J., Ren, J. T., & Nair, S. (2013) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.07.002 · Cited by 105
Fang, C. X., Dong, F., Thomas, D. P., Ma, H., He, L., & Ren, J. T. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00319.2008 · Cited by 108
“Although lifestyle modification and pharmacological intervention have shown some promise against hypertrophied and dysfunctional hearts in obesity (26, 43), no unique target has been identified to radically reconcile cardiac geometric and functional defects in obese individuals.”
BackgroundResultCeylan‐Isik, A. F., Sreejayan, N., & Ren, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.023 · Cited by 108
“Obesity, if sustained, may result in dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and inflammation, all of which may predispose devastating cardiac complications such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure [2–4].”
BackgroundRetractedObesity, Inflammation, and Vascular Disease
Calabrò, P., & Yeh, E. T. H. (2007) · Sub-cellular biochemistry/Subcellular biochemistry · doi:10.1007/1-4020-5688-5_3 · Cited by 101
“[1–3] Until recently, the adipocyte was largely thought to be an inert storage cell whose main function was to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides.”
BackgroundLien, L. F., Haqq, A. M., Arlotto, M., Slentz, C. A., Muehlbauer, M. J., McMahon, R. L., Rochon, J., Gallup, D., Bain, J. R., Ilkayeva, O., et al. (2009) · OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2008.0035 · Cited by 97
“Obesity is strongly linked to increased incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer (Burton and Foster, 1985; Calle and Than, 2004; Sowers, 2003).”
BackgroundPediatric obesity: Current concepts
Greydanus, D. E., Agana, M. G., Kamboj, M. K., Shebrain, S., Soares, N. S., Eke, R., & Patel, D. R. (2018) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.12.001 · Cited by 104
Relationship of obesity to job stress and eating behavior in male Japanese workers
Nishitani, N., & Sakakibara, H. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803153 · Cited by 97
Acupuncture in the Treatment of Obesity: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Belivani, M., Dimitroula, C., Katsiki, N., Apostolopoulou, M. I., Cummings, M., & Hatzitolios, A. I. (2012) · Acupuncture in Medicine · doi:10.1136/acupmed-2012-010247 · Cited by 95
The obesity epidemic: prospects for prevention
Skidmore, P. M. L., & YARNELL, J. W. G. (2004) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hch136 · Cited by 93
Clark, M. K., Dillon, J. S., Sowers, M., & Nichols, S. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803023 · Cited by 94
Decreased Glucagon‐like Peptide 1 Release after Weight Loss in Overweight/Obese Subjects
Adam, T. C., Jocken, J. W. E., & Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.80 · Cited by 91
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: an Update
Almourani, R., Chinnakotla, B., Patel, R., Kurukulasuriya, L. R., & Sowers, J. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1239-x · Cited by 114
Self-citationvan Harmelen, V., Eriksson, A., Åström, G., Wåhlén, K., Näslund, E. B., Karpe, F., Frayn, K. N., Olsson, T., Andersson, J. S. O., Rydén, M., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0893 · Cited by 87
“A bdominal obesity contributes to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and, thereby, type2 diabetes (1,2).”
BackgroundCardiovascular Disease in South Asian Migrants
Fernando, E., Razak, F. A., Lear, S. A., & Anand, S. S. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.06.008 · Cited by 88
Neamat‐Allah, J., Wald, D., Hüsing, A., Teucher, B., Wendt, A. T., Delorme, S., Dinkel, J., Vigl, M., Bergmann, M. M., Feller, S., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091586 · Cited by 86
“Excess body fat is known to be one of the main risk factors for diabetes, as well as cardiovascular diseases [1,2] and several frequent types of cancer [3,4].”
BackgroundWomen and Ischemic Heart Disease
Quyyumi, A. A. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.075 · Cited by 86
Asano, H., Izawa, H., Nagata, K., Nakatochi, M., Kobayashi, M., Hirashiki, A., Shintani, S., Nishizawa, T., Tanimura, D., Naruse, K., et al. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1517-2 · Cited by 86
“Obesity, especially visceral obesity, has been associated with conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia (hypertriacylglycerolaemia and suboptimal HDL-cholesterol levels) and hypertension [38].”
BackgroundAdipose tissue-mediated inflammation: the missing link between obesity and cardiovascular disease?
Calabrò, P., Golia, E., Maddaloni, V., Malvezzi, M., Casillo, B., Marotta, C., Calabrò, R., & Golino, P. (2008) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-008-0207-2 · Cited by 86
“Obesity, the most common nutritional disorder in industrial countries, is associated with an increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity [1–3].”
BackgroundFoster, M. T., Softic, S., Caldwell, J. L., Kohli, R., de Kloet, A. D., & Seeley, R. J. (2013) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.1002/phy2.15 · Cited by 84
“The number of overweight/obese adults and children is steadily increasing as is the frequency of associated health consequences such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and high circulating lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) (for review see Hedley et al. [2004]).”
BackgroundInfluentialCooper‐DeHoff, R. M., Wen, S., Beitelshees, A. L., Zineh, I., Gums, J. G., Turner, S. T., Gong, Y., Hall, K., Parekh, V., Chapman, A. B., et al. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.139592 · Cited by 79
The Key Role of Insulin Resistance in the Cardiometabolic Syndrome
Gill, H., Mugo, M. N., Whaley‐Connell, A. T., Stump, C. S., & Sowers, J. R. (2005) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200512000-00006 · Cited by 80
Self-citationKim, S., Yang, S.-O., Kim, H.-S., Kim, Y., Park, T., & Choi, H.-K. (2009) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-009-3054-8 · Cited by 78
Obesity and the incidence of chronic diseases in Spain: A seemingly unrelated probit approach
Costa‐Font, J., & Gil, J. (2005) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.004 · Cited by 78
“that can affect cardiovascular risk factors ( Sowers, 2003 ).”
BackgroundEndocrine Functions of Adipose Tissue: Focus on Adiponectin
Sowers, J. R. (2008) · Clinical cornerstone · doi:10.1016/s1098-3597(08)60026-5 · Cited by 78
Self-citationSleep heart rate variability assists the automatic prediction of long-term cardiovascular outcomes
Zhang, L., Wu, H., Zhang, X., Wei, X., Hou, F., & Ma, Y. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.1259 · Cited by 82
Somoza, B., Guzmán‐Ruiz, R., Cano, V., Merino, B., Ramos, P., Díez‐Fernández, C., Fernández‐Alfonso, M. S., & Ruiz‐Gayo, M. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-0914 · Cited by 74
Metadata
- Authors
- Sowers, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sowers, James R
- ORCID
- Sowers, James R
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 37-41
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053454761
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 5.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL63904-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- obesity, cardiovascular disease, abdominal obesity, visceral adipose tissue, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, weight loss, thiazolidinediones, hypertension, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Motor Activity, Obesity, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
