Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
OBJECTIVE—To estimate the prevalence of and the cardiovascular risk associated with the metabolic syndrome using the new definition proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 4,483 subjects aged 35–70 years participating in a large family study of type 2 diabetes in Finland and Sweden (the Botnia study) were included in the analysis of cardiovascular risk associated with the metabolic syndrome. In subjects who had type 2 diabetes (n = 1,697), impaired fasting glucose (IFG)/impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (n = 798), or insulin-resistance with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 1,988), the metabolic syndrome was defined as presence of at least two of the following risk factors: obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or microalbuminuria. Cardiovascular mortality was assessed in 3,606 subjects with a median follow-up of 6.9 years. RESULTS—In women and men, respectively, the metabolic syndrome was seen in 10 and 15% of subjects with NGT, 42 and 64% of those with IFG/IGT, and 78 and 84% of those with type 2 diabetes. The risk for coronary heart disease and stroke was increased threefold in subjects with the syndrome (P < 0.001). Cardiovascular mortality was markedly increased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome (12.0 vs. 2.2%, P < 0.001). Of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome, microalbuminuria conferred the strongest risk of cardiovascular death (RR 2.80; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS—The WHO definition of the metabolic syndrome identifies subjects with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and offers a tool for comparison of results from different studies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The MS has been associated with incident CHD and CHD mortality.
“The MS has been associated with incident CHD and CHD mortality, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]”
From Diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Angiographic Progression of Coronary Arterial Disease in Postmenopausal Women (2006) · cites this paper as [7]
Metabolic syndrome is a condition that poses a high risk for the development of cardiovascular disease.
“[Statement]Metabolic syndrome is a condition that poses a high risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (Evidence level: E-1b).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [324]
Conditions such as metabolic syndrome that involve the clustering of multiple risk factors have been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in epidemiological studies and meta-analyses, as well as in CIRCS study, Tanno and Sobetsu study, and Hisayama study.
“Conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, that involve the clustering of multiple risk factors have been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in epidemiological studies323–326) and meta-analyses327), as well as in CIRCS study78), the Tanno and Sobetsu study328) and the Hisayama study317).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [324]
Metabolic syndrome is significant because it is a high risk of ASCVD even if the levels of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and elevated blood pressure are relatively mild.
“Metabolic syndrome is significant because it is a high risk of ASCVD even if the levels of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and elevated blood pressure are relatively mild323–327).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [324]
Cites
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423 · see citing works
Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease
Reaven, G. M. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595 · Cited by 12,154 · see citing works
Randle, P. J., Garland, P. B., Hales, C. N., & Newsholme, E. A. (1963) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)91500-9 · Cited by 5,093 · see citing works
DeFronzo, R. A., & Ferrannini, E. (1991) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.14.3.173 · Cited by 4,555 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Survey Methods.
Rose, G., & Blackburn, H. (1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-69-6-1335_2 · Cited by 3,065 · see citing works
Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Kuulasmaa, K., Amouyel, P., Arveiler, D., Rajakangas, A.-M., & Pająk, A. (1994) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.90.1.583 · Cited by 2,260 · see citing works
Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation
(1999) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x · Cited by 1,820 · see citing works
Role of Fatty Acids in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and NIDDM
Boden, G. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.1.3 · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works
Kaplan, N. M. (1989) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.149.7.1514 · Cited by 1,658 · see citing works
Hyperinsulinemia. A link between hypertension obesity and glucose intolerance.
Modan, M., Halkin, H., Almog, S., Lusky, A., Eshkol, A., Shefi, M., Shitrit, A., & Fuchs, Z. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111776 · Cited by 1,465 · see citing works
Prospective Analysis of The Insulin-Resistance Syndrome (Syndrome X)
Haffner, S. M., Valdez, R. A., Hazuda, H. P., Mitchell, B. D., Morales, P. A., & D, M. P. S. M. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.41.6.715 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
The Association of Microalbuminuria and Mortality in Non—Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Dinneen, S. F. (1997) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.157.13.1413 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders: the Bruneck Study.
Bonora, E., Kiechl, S. J., Willeit, J., Oberhollenzer, F., Egger, G., Targher, G., Alberiche, M., Bonadonna, R. C., & Muggeo, M. (1998) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.10.1643 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
The homeostasis model in the San Antonio Heart Study.
Haffner, S. M., Miettinen, H., & Stern, M. P. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.7.1087 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Clinical and genetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes with and without GAD antibodies.
Tuomi, T., Carlsson, A., Li, H., Isomaa, B., Miettinen, A., Nilsson, A.-L., Nissén, M., Ehrnström, B. O., Forsén, B., Snickars, B., et al. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.1.150 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM
Boden, G. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.1.3 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Borch‐Johnsen, K., Feldt‐Rasmussen, B., Strandgaard, S., Schroll, M., & Jensen, J. S. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.8.1992 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Groop, L., Forsblom, C. M., Lehtovirta, M., Tuomi, T., Karanko, S., Nissén, M., Ehrnstrom, B. O., Forsén, B., Isomaa, B., Snickars, B., et al. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.11.1585 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationMykkänen, L. M., Zaccaro, D. J., Wagenknecht, L. E., Robbins, D. C., Gabriel, M., & Haffner, S. M. (1998) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.5.793 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X)
Haffner, S. M., Valdez, R. A., Hazuda, H. P., et al. (1992) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.41.6.715 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Groop, L., Ekstrand, A., Forsblom, C. M., Wid�n, E., Groop, P., Teppo, A.-M., & Eriksson, J. G. (1993) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00404074 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationAbdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Björntorp, P. (1992) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899209166997 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Hyperinsulinemic Microalbuminuria
Kuusisto, J., Mykkänen, L. M., Pyörälä, K., & Laakso, M. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.91.3.831 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Jensen, J. S., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Jensen, G. B., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, B. (1995) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0880629 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in drug‐treated hypertensive patients and control subjects
Rantala, A. O., Kauma, H., Lilja, M., Savolainen, M. J., Reunanen, A., & Kesäniemi, Y. A. (1999) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00429.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Characterization of the MODY3 phenotype. Early-onset diabetes caused by an insulin secretion defect.
Lehto, M. J., Tuomi, T., Mahtani, M. M., Widén, E., Forsblom, C. M., Sarelin, L., Gullström, M., Isomaa, B., Lehtovirta, M., Hyrkkö, A., et al. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119199 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationLehto, S., Rönnemaa, T., Pyörälà, K., & Laakso, M. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050023 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Js, Y. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Studien ueber das Hypertonie-Hyperglyka "mie-Hyperurika" miesyndrom
Kylin, E. (1923) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Familial components of the multiple metabolic syndrome: the ARIC Study
Liese, A. D., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Tyroler, H. A., DAVIS, C. E., Keil, U., Schmidt, M. I., Brancati, F. L., & HEISS, G. M. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050775 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Groop, L., Forsblom, C. M., Lehtovirta, M., et al. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.11.1585 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation'Metabolic Syndrome' in a Middle-Aged Finnish Population
Vanhala, M. J., Kumpusalo, E. A., Pitkäjärvi, T., & Takala, J. K. (1997) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/174182679700400410 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
New Insights into Lipid Metabolism in Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Taskinen, M., Lahdenperä, S., & Syvänne, M. (1996) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899608999090 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationYki‐Järvinen, H. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.13.3.415 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
McCarthy, M. I., Cassell, P., Tran, T., Mathias, L., Hart, L. M. ‘., Maassen, J. A., Snehalatha, C., Ramachandran, A., Viswanathan, M., & Hitman, G. A. (1996) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199605)13:5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
??Metabolic syndrome?? in a middle-aged Finnish population
Vanhala, M. J., Kumpusalo, E. A., rvi, T. K. P. J., & Takala, J. K. (1997) · Journal of Cardiovascular Risk · doi:10.1097/00043798-199708000-00010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zavaroni, I., BONINI, L., Gasparini, P., Zuccarelli, A., Dall’Aglio, E., BARILLI, L., Cioni, F., Strata, A., & Reaven, G. M. (1996) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1996.23849000.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Jensen, J. S., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Feldt‐Rasmussen, B., Appleyard, M., & JENSEN, G. F. (1997) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/174182679700400208 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Alberti (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199807)15:7
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961 · see citing works
Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.356 · Cited by 6,698 · see citing works
Alberti, K. G. M. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x · Cited by 6,597 · see citing works
Eckel, R. H., Alberti, K., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61794-3 · Cited by 6,283 · see citing works
Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., & Shaw, J. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414782a · Cited by 5,883 · see citing works
Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66378-7 · Cited by 5,566 · see citing works
Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome
Furukawa, S., Fujita, T., Shimabukuro, M., Iwaki, M., Yamada, Y., Nakajima, Y., Nakayama, O., Makishima, M., Matsuda, M., & Shimomura, I. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci21625 · Cited by 5,508 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men
Lakka, H.-M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.21.2709 · Cited by 5,033 · see citing works
Poirier, P., Giles, T. D., Bray, G. A., Hong, Y., Stern, J. S., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., & Eckel, R. H. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.171016 · Cited by 3,165 · see citing works
DeFronzo, R. A. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-9028 · Cited by 3,016 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 2,737 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver, Steatohepatitis, and the Metabolic Syndrome
Marchesini, G., Bugianesi, E., Forlani, G., Cerrelli, F., Lenzi, M., Manini, R., Natale, S., Vanni, E., Villanova, N., Melchionda, N., et al. (2003) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50161 · Cited by 2,676 · see citing works
DeFronzo, R. A., Ferrannini, E., Groop, L., Henry, R. R., Herman, W. H., Holst, J. J., Hu, F. B., Kahn, C. R., Raz, I., Shulman, G. I., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.19 · Cited by 2,611 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Metabolic Syndrome: Time for a Critical Appraisal
Kahn, R., Buse, J. B., Ferrannini, E., & D, M. P. S. M. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.9.2289 · Cited by 2,389 · see citing works
Cook, S., Weitzman, M., Auinger, P., Nguyen, M., & Dietz, W. H. (2003) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.8.821 · Cited by 2,326 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Buring, J. E., Cook, N. R., & Rifai, N. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000055014.62083.05 · Cited by 2,292 · see citing works
Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0024 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species in Metabolic and Inflammatory Signaling
Forrester, S. J., Kikuchi, D. S., Hernandes, M. S., Xu, Q., & Griendling, K. K. (2018) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.311401 · Cited by 2,081 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome as a Precursor of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Parise, H., SULLIVAN, L. M., & Meigs, J. B. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.539528 · Cited by 2,061 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents ? an IDF consensus report
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M., Kaufman, F., Tajima, N., Silink, M., Arslanian, S., Wong, G., Bennett, P., Shaw, J., Caprio, S., et al. (2007) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00271.x · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events and Death
Gami, A. S., Witt, B. J., Howard, D. E., Erwin, P. J., Gami, L. A., Somers, V. K., & Montori, V. M. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.032 · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
Malik, S., Wong, N. D., Franklin, S. S., Kamath, T. V., L'Italien, G. J., Pio, J. R., & Williams, G. R. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000140677.20606.0e · Cited by 1,845 · see citing works
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0024768 · Cited by 1,785 · see citing works
Ford, E. S. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.7.1769 · Cited by 1,702 · see citing works
Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary
Rydén, L., Standl, E., Bartnik, M., den Berghe, G. V., Betteridge, J. D., de Boer, M., Cosentino, F., Jönsson, B., Laakso, M., Malmberg, K., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl260 · Cited by 1,638 · see citing works
Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women
Bansal, S., Buring, J. E., Rifai, N., Mora, S., Sacks, F. M., & Ridker, P. M. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.3.309 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies
Kassi, E., Pervanidou, P., Kaltsas, G., & Chrousos, G. (2011) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-48 · Cited by 1,565 · see citing works
Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk
Després, J.-P., Lemieux, I., Bergeron, J., Pibarot, P., Mathieu, P., Larose, E., Rodés-Cabau, J., Bertrand, O. F., & Poirier, P. (2008) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.107.159228 · Cited by 1,589 · see citing works
Insulin and insulin resistance:
Sowers, J. R., & Frohlich, E. D. (2004) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(03)00128-7 · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works
Sattar, N., Gaw, A., Scherbakova, O., Ford, I., O’Reilly, D. S. J., Haffner, S. M., Isles, C., Macfarlane, P. W., Packard, C. J., Cobbe, S. M., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000080897.52664.94 · Cited by 1,506 · see citing works
Alexander, C. M., Landsman, P. B., Teutsch, S. M., & Haffner, S. M. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1210 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases
Hajer, G. R., van Haeften, T. W., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2008) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn387 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Disease
Grundy, S. M. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0372 · Cited by 1,369 · see citing works
The Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease in U.S. Adults
Chen, J., Muntner, P., Hamm, L. L., Jones, D. W., Batuman, V., Fonseca, V. A., Whelton, P. K., & He, J. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00007 · Cited by 1,354 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A. (2004) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.013 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics and Metabolic Effects
Newcomer, J. W. (2005) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200519001-00001 · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2003-2012
Aguilar, M., Bhuket, T., Torres, S., Liu, B., & Wong, R. J. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.4260 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5839-6_1 · Cited by 1,225 · see citing works
Molecular inflammation: Underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases
Chung, H. Y., Cesari, M., Anton, S., Marzetti, E., Giovannini, S., Seo, A. Y., Carter, C., Yu, B. P., & Leeuwenburgh, C. (2009) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2008.07.002 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Galassi, A., Reynolds, K., & He, J. (2006) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.031 · Cited by 1,205 · see citing works
Clinical Update: Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus
Wang, C. C. L., Hess, C. N., Hiatt, W. R., & Goldfine, A. B. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.022194 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
Hu, G. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.10.1066 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Mcevoy, J., Meyer, J., Goff, D., Nasrallah, H., Davis, S., Sullivan, L., Meltzer, H., Hsiao, J. K., Stroup, T., & Lieberman, J. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.014 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
de Ferranti, S. D., Gauvreau, K., Ludwig, D. S., Neufeld, E. J., Newburger, J. W., & Rifai, N. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000145117.40114.c7 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works
Moran, L. J., Misso, M. L., Wild, R. A., & Norman, R. J. (2010) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq001 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
McNeill, A. M., Rosamond, W. D., Girman, C. J., Golden, S. H., Schmidt, M. I., East, H. E., Ballantyne, C. M., & HEISS, G. M. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.2.385 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
The immunology of atherosclerosis
Gisterå, A., & Hansson, G. K. (2017) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.51 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Wild, R. A., Carmina, E., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Dokras, A., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Futterweit, W., Lobo, R., Norman, R. J., Talbott, E., & Dumesic, D. A. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2724 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations
Cameron, A. J., Shaw, J. E., & Zimmet, P. (2004) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.005 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Alzheimer Disease
Janson, J., Laedtke, T., Parisi, J. E., O’Brien, P., Petersen, R. C., & Butler, P. C. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.2.474 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Apridonidze, T., Essah, P. A., Iuorno, M. J., & Nestler, J. E. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1045 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Trends in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016
Hirode, G., & Wong, R. J. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4501 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Klein, S., Burke, L. E., Bray, G. A., Blair, S., Allison, D. B., Pi-Sunyer, X., Hong, Y., & Eckel, R. H. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000145546.97738.1e · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and overweight among adults in China
Gu, D., Reynolds, K., Wu, X., Chen, J., Duan, X., Reynolds, R. F., Whelton, P. K., & He, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66375-1 · Cited by 917 · see citing works
Greenland (2000) · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.1.e16 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
Insulin resistance: a metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease
Bugianesi, E., McCullough, A. J., & Marchesini, G. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20920 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Diabetic dyslipidaemia: from basic research to clinical practice*
Taskinen, M.-R. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1111-y · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Self-citationDeFronzo, R. A. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1684-1 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome
Roberts, C. K., & Sindhu, K. K. (2009) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.026 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Insights From the NHLBI-Sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study
Merz, C. N. B., Shaw, L. J., Reís, S. E., Bittner, V., Kelsey, S. F., Olson, M. B., Johnson, B. D., Pepine, C. J., Mankad, S. V., Sharaf, B. L., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.084 · Cited by 849 · see citing works
Coughlin, S. R. (2004) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.02.021 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training
Roberts, C. K., Hevener, A. L., & Barnard, R. J. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110062 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Tan, C. T., Ma, S., Wai, D. C. H., Chew, S. K., & Tai, E. S. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1182 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Kinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
The Metabolic Syndrome as Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes
Lorenzo, C., Okoloise, M., Williams, K., Stern, M. P., & Haffner, S. M. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3153 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Adiponectin as a Biomarker of the Metabolic Syndrome
Ryo, M., Nakamura, T., Kihara, S., Kumada, M., Shibazaki, S., Takahashi, M., Nagai, M., Matsuzawa, Y., & Funahashi, T. (2004) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.68.975 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Stern, M. P., Williams, K., González-Villalpando, C., Hunt, K. J., & Haffner, S. M. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2676 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Poirier, P., Giles, T. D., Bray, G. A., Hong, Y., Stern, J. S., Pi-Sunyer, X., & Eckel, R. H. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000216787.85457.f3 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease
Ritchie, S. A., & Connell, J. M. C. (2006) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.07.005 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Insights From the NHLBI-Sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study
Shaw, L. J., Merz, C. N. B., Pepine, C. J., Reís, S. E., Bittner, V., Kelsey, S. F., Olson, M. B., Johnson, B. D., Mankad, S. V., Sharaf, B. L., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.072 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Prevalence and Predictors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Ehrmann, D. A., Liljenquist, D. R., Kasza, K., Azziz, R., Legro, R. S., & Ghazzi, M. N. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1329 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Tang, T., Lord, J. M., Norman, R. J., Yasmin, E., & Balen, A. H. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003053.pub5 · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Bugianesi, E., Gentilcore, E., Manini, R., Natale, S., Vanni, E., Villanova, N., David, E., Rizzetto, M., & Marchesini, G. (2005) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41583.x · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome: Connecting and Reconciling Cardiovascular and Diabetes Worlds
Grundy, S. M. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.046 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Wannamethee, S. G., Shaper, A. G., LENNON, L. T., & Morris, R. W. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.22.2644 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Hunt, K. J., Resendez, R. G., Williams, K., Haffner, S. M., & Stern, M. P. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000140762.04598.f9 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Lorenzo, C., Williams, K., Hunt, K. J., & Haffner, S. M. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1414 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Obesity
Blüher, M. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1192044 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Women and Ischemic Heart Disease
Shaw, L. J., Bugiardini, R., & Merz, C. N. B. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.098 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Laaksonen, D. E., Lakka, H.-M., Salonen, J. T., Niskanen, L. K., Rauramaa, R., & Lakka, T. A. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.9.1612 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity
Tuomilehto, J., Santoro, N., Caprio, S., Cai, M., Weng, J., & Groop, L. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62219-9 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Self-citationSalpeter, S. R., Walsh, J. M. E., Ormiston, T. M., Greyber, E., Buckley, N. S., & Salpeter, E. E. (2006) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00545.x · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Obesity, Regional Body Fat Distribution, and the Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women
Goodpaster, B. H., Krishnaswami, S., Harris, T. B., Katsiaras, A., Kritchevsky, S. B., Simonsick, E. M., Nevitt, M., Holvoet, P., & Newman, A. B. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.7.777 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: a review
DE HERT, M., SCHREURS, V., VANCAMPFORT, D., & VAN WINKEL, R. (2009) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00199.x · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Hoorn Study
Dekker, J. M., Girman, C. J., Rhodes, T., Nijpels, G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Bouter, L. M., & Heine, R. J. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.104.516948 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease†
Villanova, N., Moscatiello, S., Ramilli, S., Bugianesi, E., Magalotti, D., Vanni, E., Zoli, M., & Marchesini, G. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20781 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
A Comparison of the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Using Two Proposed Definitions
Ford, E. S., & Giles, W. H. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.575 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Noubiap, J. J., Nansseu, J. R., Lontchi‐Yimagou, E., Nkeck, J. R., Nyaga, U. F., Ngouo, A. T., Tounouga, D. N., Tianyi, F.-L., Foka, A. J., Ndoadoumgue, A. L., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109924 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor
Sowers, J. R. (2003) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.08.012 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Increasing Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korea
Lim, S. K., Shin, H., Song, J. H., Kwak, S. H., Kang, S. M., Yoon, J. W., Choi, S. H., Cho, S., Park, K. S., Lee, H. K., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2109 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome in Men With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Long-Term Androgen-Deprivation Therapy
Braga‐Basaria, M., Dobs, A. S., Muller, D. C., Carducci, M. A., John, M., Egan, J. M., & Basaria, S. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.05.9741 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Targher, G., Bertolini, L., Poli, F., Rodella, S., Scala, L., Tessari, R., Zenari, L., & Falezza, G. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3541 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome
Tune, J. D., Goodwill, A. G., Sassoon, D., & Mather, K. J. (2017) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2017.01.001 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis: Implications for Insulin-Sensitizing Agents
Di Pino, A., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00141 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease
Roberts, C. K., & Barnard, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00852.2004 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Gillingham, L. G., Harris‐Janz, S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2011) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3524-y · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a novel predictor of cardiovascular disease
Hamaguchi, M. (2007) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i10.1579 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Therapeutic roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists
Staels, B., & Fruchart, J.-C. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2460 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in elderly individuals
Fried, L. F., Shlipak, M. G., Crump, C., Kronmal, R. A., Bleyer, A. J., Gottdiener, J. S., Kuller, L. H., & Newman, A. B. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00163-3 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Azizi, F., Salehi, P., Etemadi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2003) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00066-4 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
- Authors
- Isomaa, B., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Forsén, B., Lahti, K., Nissén, M., Taskinen, M.-R., & Groop, L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jakobstad Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland
- Lund University (SE)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- Närpes Health Center, Närpes
- Vasa Health Center
- Vaasa Central Hospital (FI)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2001-04-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 683-689
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W1986349550
- Cited by
- 4,760
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 128 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 185 · 2015: 198 · 2014: 218 · 2013: 211 · 2012: 222
- FWCI
- 100.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Svenska Läkaresällskapet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, microalbuminuria, coronary artery disease, stroke, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, WHO definition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Albuminuria, Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Family, Female, Finland, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Hypertension, Insulin Resistance, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Obesity, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Sweden, Triglycerides, Prevalence, Glucose Intolerance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
