The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Influence of race, ethnicity and social determinants of health on diabetes outcomes.
Open accessAbstract
Background There is strong evidence that race, ethnicity and social determinants of health significantly influence outcomes for patients with diabetes. A better understanding of the mechanisms of these relationships or associations would improve development of cost-effective, culturally tailored programs for patients with diabetes.Methods This article reviews the current state of the literature on the influence of race and ethnicity and social determinants of health on process of care, quality of care and outcomes for diabetes, with particular emphasis on the rural South to give an overview of the state of the literature.Results The literature review shows that racial or ethnic differences in the clinical outcomes for diabetes, including glycemic, blood pressure (BP) and lipid control, continue to persist. In addition, the literature review shows that the role of social determinants of health on outcomes, and the possible role these determinants play in disparities have largely been ignored. Psychosocial factors, such as self-efficacy, depression, social support and perceived stress, show consistent associations with self-care, quality of life and glycemic control. Neighborhood factors, such as food insecurity, social cohesion and neighborhood esthetics have been associated with glycemic control. Perceived discrimination has also been associated with self-care and the psychological component of quality of life.Conclusion Healthcare professionals need to be skilled in assessing social determinants of health and taking them into consideration in clinical care. In addition, more research is needed to identify the separate and combined influence of race and ethnicity and social determinants of health on process of care, quality of care and outcomes in diabetes, especially in the South, where the burden of disease is particularly high.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“At the same time, there is growing recognition that social determinants of health (SDoH)—including socioeconomic status, food access, housing stability, and transportation—influence outcomes among patients with diabetes, particularly in vulnerable populations [31–34].”
From Machine learning-driven risk prediction for post-hospitalization diabetes case management: Integrating clinical and social determinants of health (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Race was included not as a biological variable but as a structural equity proxy, reflecting disparities in healthcare access, treatment patterns, and social conditions that are associated with diabetes outcomes and health decline [32,42].”
From Machine learning-driven risk prediction for post-hospitalization diabetes case management: Integrating clinical and social determinants of health (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Social determinants of health inequalities
Marmot, M. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71146-6 · Cited by 5,086
Stearne, M. R., Palmer, S. L., Hammersley, M. S., Franklin, S. L., Spivey, R. S., Lévy, J., Tidy, C. R., Bell, N. J., Steemson, J., Barrow, B. A., et al. (1998) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 4,803
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371
Roux, A. V. D., & Mair, C. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x · Cited by 2,922
A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health
UNSPECIFIED (2010) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/17cr-aqb9 · Cited by 2,375
Larson, N. I., Story, M. T., & Nelson, M. C. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.025 · Cited by 2,003
Boulé, N. G., Haddad, E., Kenny, G. P., Wells, G. A., & Sigal, R. J. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.10.1218 · Cited by 1,889
Kinaan, M., Ding, H., & Triggle, C. R. (2015) · Medical Principles and Practice · doi:10.1159/000381643 · Cited by 1,515
A systematic review of adherence with medications for diabetes
Cramer, J. A. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1218 · Cited by 1,203
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- American Diabetes Association, 2015, Strategies for improving care. Sec. 1. In standards of medical care in diabetes—2015, Diabetes Care, 38, S1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–431 of 431
Association of Primary Payor Source and Glycemic Control Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Nguyen, C., & Curtis, J. M. (2025) · PRiMER · doi:10.22454/primer.2025.726048
Opportunities in stroke care at safety net hospitals: A socioecological perspective
Sharrief, A. Z., Wollen, J. T., Almohamad, M., Denny, M. C., Jones, E., Venkatachalam, A. M., Navalkele, D. D., Chandra, S., AHMED, M. A., Pratt, R., et al. (2025) · Equity Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuros.2025.100005
Olfaction and diabetes among older adults
Xia, J., Yuan, Y., Li, C., Kucharska‐Newton, A., Tian, Q., Pinto, J. M., Ma, J., Simonsick, E. M., & Chen, H. (2025) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjaf020
Darby, F., Rancu, A., Nishime, N., Kurek, D., & Wiznia, D. H. (2025) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/nor.0000000000001138
Healthcare and Nonhealthcare Costs: Youth With Diabetes and Food Insecurity
Ellyson, A. M., Mendoza, J. A., Liese, A. D., Tabah, A., Bekelman, T. A., Rudisill, A. C., Dabelea, D., Frongillo, E. A., Pihoker, C., Malik, F. S., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.108028 · Cited by 1
Yin, Z., Errisuriz, V. L., Cuevas, H. E., Flores, B. E., Delfausse, L. A., Galvan, C., Wang, J., Li, C., Morfin, R., Li, S., et al. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/79032
Sleep as a key to understanding racial and ethnic health disparities
Lee, S. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf241
The Intersection of Social Determinants of Health and Informatics
Galloway, A., Schenker, M. L., Wu, D., & Adhyaru, B. B. (2025) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2025.07.008
Gutiérrez-Romero, S. A., Pérez-Londoño, A., Cuéllar-Rodríguez, V., Correa-Osio, I., Betancourt-Villamizar, C., & Mendivil, C. O. (2025) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2025.08.009
SUKKARIEH-HARATY, O. A., Bassil, M. S., & Egede, L. E. (2025) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds24-0055
Jodray, M., White, A., Fulda, K. G., McKeefer, H., Zhang, F., Opara, C., & Xiao, Y. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13182372
Martínez-Velasco, A., & Terán-Bustamante, A. (2025) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96328-5_14
Canjuga, I., Vuković, D., Kolarić, V., Rahelić, D., Kozina, G., Mijoč, V., Sajko, M., Uršulin-Trstenjak, N., Kranjčević-Ščurić, M., & Kelečić, I. L. (2025) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep15110408
Ponsignon, F., Catoir-Brisson, M.-J., Paixão‐Barradas, S., Grenier, C., & Bagnis, C. I. (2025) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.70042
Fatima, S., Seto, N., Batra, K., Goel, V. S., Ortiz-Malave, C., & Izuora, K. E. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.11.015
Silva-Tinoco, R., Cuatecontzi-Xochitiotzi, T., de la Torre-Saldaña, V., León-García, E., Serna-Alvarado, J., GUZMAN-OLVERA, E. B., Cabrera, D., Gay, J. G., & Prada, D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12364535
Ganguly, A. P., Alvarez, K., Mathew, S. R., Soni, V., Vadlamani, S., Balasubramanian, B. A., & Bhavan, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25322833
Williams, A., Ha, S., Shenassa, E. D., Messer, L. C., Kanner, J., & Mendola, P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14561510
Silva-Tinoco, R., Cuatecontzi-Xochitiotzi, T., de la Torre-Saldaña, V., León-García, E., Serna-Alvarado, J., GUZMAN-OLVERA, E. B., Cabrera, D., Gay, J. G., & Prada, D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12364541
Impact of Cumulative Social Determinants of Health on Odds of Diabetes Incidence in US Veterans
Frey, L. J., Gebregziabher, M., Bishu, K. G., Youngblood, B., Obeid, J., Shi, J., Alba, P. R., & Halbert, C. H. (2026) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology7020037
DeLacey, S. E., Chen, W., Ranganna, A., Feng, S., Fishbein, M. H., & Bianco, M. E. (2026) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.70211
Liu, X., Pilla, S. J., Oh, S., Appel, L. J., & Yeh, H. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Cardiometabolic CARE · doi:10.2337/doc25-0076
How to Prepare Learners for Socially Conscious Practice Using Transformative Learning Theory
Vipler, B. S., & Fletcher, K. L. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83753-1_5
Leveraging Machine Learning to Assess Post-COVID-19 Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients
Lluberes-Contreras, M., Figueroa-Santiago, E., Kohan‐Ghadr, H., Ortiz-Ortega, A., & Roche-Lima, A. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23050644
Ml, B., Sherbeny, F., Hastings, T., Boyd, L. J., & Adeoye‐Olatunde, O. A. (2023) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System)
Eisa, N., & Barood, O. (2026) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2026.08.003
Socioeconomic Determinants of Diabetes Self-Care and Health Literacy Among Adults in Southern Riyadh
Almutairi, M., Alshehri, W. M., Alodhialah, A. M., & Almutairy, B. M. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14172724
Rasmiasih, L. M. P., Giri, M. K. W., & Permasutha, M. B. (2026) · Ganesha Medicine · doi:10.23887/gm.v6i1.103687
Understanding Diabetes Distress Across Adulthood in Type 1 Diabetes: A User‐Centered Design Study
RAYDEN, R., Crespo-Ramos, G., FINNAN, M., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Farchione, T. J., & Gonzalez, J. S. (2026) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.70331
Adolescent Depressive Symptoms and Adult Functioning Within Major U.S. Racial Groups
Millwood, S. N. (2026) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · doi:10.56902/etdcrp.2026.175
Bernstein, S. (2026) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2026.2731618
Metadata
- Authors
- Walker, R. J., Strom Williams, J., & Egede, L. E.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Egede, Leonard E.
- Venue
- The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 351
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 366-373
- ISSN
- 0002-9629 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4834895
- OpenAlex
- W2342360716
- Cited by
- 431
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The American Journal of the Medical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I50 HX001229)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK098529, K24DK093699)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, race and ethnicity, social determinants of health, health disparities, glycemic control, blood pressure control, lipid control, psychosocial factors, self-efficacy, depression, social support, perceived stress, food insecurity, neighborhood factors, perceived discrimination, rural South, quality of care, process of care
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Ethnicity, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Treatment Outcome, Racial Groups, Healthcare Disparities, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
