The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The socioecology of elephants: analysis of the processes creating multitiered social structures
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“All species of elephants form large social networks, with hierarchical, multi-level organisation”
From Elephant cognition. (2008) · cites this paper as Wittemyer, G., Douglas-Hamilton, I., and Getz, W.N. (2005)
In the citing paper
“Five social tiers have been distinguished within an elephant population, hierarchically arranged to form a fluid, fission-fusion society.”
From Elephant cognition. (2008) · cites this paper as Wittemyer, G., Douglas-Hamilton, I., and Getz, W.N. (2005)
Citations
Cites
The genetical theory of natural selection
Fisher, R. A. (1930) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.27468 · Cited by 17,617
The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I
Hamilton, W. D. (1964) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 · Cited by 15,725
Parental Investment and Sexual Selection
Trivers, R. L. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315129266-7 · Cited by 10,902
Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315129266 · Cited by 7,287
Ecology, Sexual Selection, and the Evolution of Mating Systems
Emlen, S. T., & Oring, L. W. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.327542 · Cited by 6,230
The Evolution of Social Behavior
Alexander, R. D. (1974) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001545 · Cited by 3,862
Hamilton, W. D. (1971) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5 · Cited by 3,506
Krause, J., & Ruxton, G. D. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198508175.001.0001 · Cited by 3,195
The Social Organisation of Antelope in Relation To Their Ecology
Jarman, P. J. (1974) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853974x00345 · Cited by 2,194
Shao, J., & Tu, D. (1995) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0795-5 · Cited by 1,985
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 74 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Foley, C. A. H. 2002. The effect of poaching on elephant social systems. Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–590 of 590
Granados, A. (2011) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) · Cited by 1
Sexual segregation in spider monkeys in Belize
Hartwell, K. S. (2010) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/13596 · Cited by 1
Structure and Function of Male Bottlenose Dolphin Alliances in Northeast Florida
Karle, K. A. (2016) · University of North Florida Digital Commons (University of North Florida) · Cited by 1
On the multivariate analysis of animal networks
Mlynski, D. T. (2015) · The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) · Cited by 1
Kabatha, P. (2018) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University) · Cited by 1
Walsh, P. D. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118520178.ch24 · Cited by 1
von Ziegesar, O., Gill, S., & Goodwin, B. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.972828 · Cited by 1
Wiśniewska, M., Puga‐Gonzalez, I., Lee, P., Moss, C. J., Russell, G., Garnier, S., & Sueur, C. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.252536 · Cited by 1
Female social relationships among wild Assemese macaques (Macaca assamensis)
Macdonald, S. (2014) · doi:10.53846/goediss-4599 · Cited by 1
Patterns of male-female and male-male social bonds within Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkey core unitsPreprint
Adams, F. V., Mujjuzi, E., & Teichroeb, J. A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4391470/v1 · Cited by 1
Multilevel societies: different tasks at different social levelsPreprint
Camerlenghi, E., & Papageorgiou, D. (2024) · doi:10.32942/x27c90 · Cited by 1
Social and Spatial Drivers of the Multitiered Structure of Zebra Finch Social NetworksPreprint
Zhang, Y., Jiang, X., Aplin, L. M., Wang, D., & Farine, D. R. (2024) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/x95gxp · Cited by 1
Eleuteri, V., Železnik, J., Schulte, B. A., von Dürckheim, K. E. M., & Stoeger, A. S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29068-8.00221-x · Cited by 1
Spatial Resilience and Fragmentation in Social Systems
Cumming, G. S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0307-0_9
Novel methods for quantifying movement behavior of free-ranging fish from telemetry data
Stehfest, K. M. (2013) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23205935
Socio-Ecology and Behavior of Crop Raiding Elephants in the Amboseli Ecosystem,
Chiyo, P. I. (2010) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF FISSION-FUSION DYNAMICS IN FEMALE NORTHERN LONG-EARED BATS
Patriquin, K. J. (2012)
The conservation biology of tropical inshore dolphins in north-western Australian waters
Brown, A. M. (2016) · Murdoch University Research Portal · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.36281.98405
Fulton, W. C. (2012) · ePublications at Regis University (Regis University)
Carroll, K. A., Hayes, L., & Klug, H. (2016) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.11092.63365
Spatial patterns within gelada monkey one male units at Guassa, Ethiopia
Erskine, S. (2016)
Possible evidence of mammoth hunting during the Epigravettian at Yudinovo
Germonpré, M., Sablin, M., Khlopachev, G., & Grigorieva, G. V. (2008)
Social factors affecting female behavior, ecology, and fitness in wild bottlenose dolphins
Wallen, M. M. (2016) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)
Report An Asian Elephant Imitates Human Speech
Stoeger, A. S., Mietchen, D., Oh, S., de Silva, S., Herbst, C. T., Kwon, S., Fitch, W. T., & Lanka, S. S. (2012)
Evolution of Cooperative Hunting in Artificial Multi-layered SocietiesPreprint
Bao, H., & Banzhaf, W. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.11580
Analyzing the Von Neumann Entropy of Contact Networks
Brower, T. J. (2020) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/9688-97ae
Exploring the Social Minds of Elephants
Pirutinsky, E. A. K., & Plotnik, J. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564113.020
Garstang, M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802217-7.00005-3
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564113.014
Kappeler, P. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60546-2_13
Rhythm of relationships in a social fish over the course of a full year in the wildPreprint
Aslak, U., Monk, C. T., Brockmann, D., & Arlinghaus, R. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.11.483964
(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802217-7.09991-9
The Evolutionary Basis for Human Tolerance – Physiological Responses
Spikins, P. (2022) · White Rose University Press eBooks · doi:10.22599/hiddendepths.e
Mramba, R. P. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1744068/v1
Ferdinandy, B. (2018) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2017.060
Collective movements during visits to water bodies in wild Asian elephants
Mizuno, K., Ranjeewa, A. D. G., Kutsukake, N., & Padmalal, K. U. K. G. (2023) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-023-00790-5
Bonato, M., Padfield, C., Prangnell, B., & Young, D. (2023) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2023.106052
Arandhara, S., Sathishkumar, S., Gupta, S., & Baskaran, N. (2023) · Journal of Threatened Taxa · doi:10.11609/jott.8451.15.11.24151-24168
Brown, J. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21477-6.00115-2
Pardo, M. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.00188-5
Analysis of sparse animal social networksPreprint
Mylne, H. K., Abell, J., Beale, C. M., Brent, L. J. N., Bro‐Jørgensen, J., Evans, K. E., Hart, J. D. A., Sakala, D., Simpamba, T., Youldon, D., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621436
Social and spatial drivers of the multitiered structure of zebra finch social networksPreprint
Zhang, Y., Jiang, X., Aplin, L. M., Wang, D., & Farine, D. R. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625155
Impact of Population Density on Group Size
Blank, D. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83504-9_12
Group identity without social interactions?
Ramos‐Fernández, G., Aguilar, S. E. S., Pietrangeli, E., del Toro, C. J., Nicolàs-Arfelis, J. M., Boyer, D., Pinacho‐Guendulain, B., Montiel-Castro, A. J., & Aureli, F. (2025) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x24001146
How swarm size affects soldier crab swarming behavior
Feliciani, C., Murakami, H., Tomaru, T., Uesugi, Y., Tanida, S., Nishiyama, Y., Jia, X., & Maeda, T. (2025) · Artificial Life and Robotics · doi:10.1007/s10015-025-01037-x
Dynamic membership drives long-term persistence of sparrow winter social communitiesPreprint
Madsen, A. E., Lyon, B. E., Chaine, A. S., & Shizuka, D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.25.666472
Comment la sociabilité des éléphants les aide à survivre au braconnage
Goldenberg, S. Z. (2016) · doi:10.64628/aak.h4ywvnsrr
Can elephants retain their social bonds in the face of poaching?
Goldenberg, S. Z. (2015) · doi:10.64628/aai.ce5tnyyxv
Female Asian elephant clans have age-based order but weak dominance resolutionPreprint
Nandini, S., Gautam, H., Keerthipriya, P., & Vidya, T. N. C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.22.671838 · Cited by 1
Riccardi, T., D’Ammando, G., Wilson, L., Attorre, F., Davies, A. B., Farcomeni, A., MacFadyen, S., Strydom, T., Smit, I. P. J., & Malatesta, L. (2025) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.70421
Facebook for Geese: The Causes and Consequences of Non-random Social Associations in a Group Forager
Silk, M. J. (2014) · Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter)
Conserving moving species under changing landscapes and climates
Loarie, S. R. (2008) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Additional file 1 of Patterns of helminth infection in Kenyan elephant populations
King'ori, E. M., Obanda, V., Chiyo, P. I., Soriguer, R. C., Morrondo, P., & Angelone, S. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12005040
The Dominance of Geometric Graph Models in Animal Social NetworksPreprint
Appaw, R. C., Silk, M. J., Rushmore, J., VanderWaal, K. L., Charleston, M., & Fountain‐Jones, N. M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694755
Decision-Making on Timing and Route Selection: A Game-Theoretic Approach
Wang, C., & Liu, M. (2025) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc57313.2025.11312638
Prado, N. A., & Brown, J. L. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87707-0_15
Louis, M. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ff0d352dz6ad1z459ezb45ezff2f59e55d1a · Cited by 3
Luccas, V. R., & Izar, P. (2026) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-026-01260-5
Bernátková, A., Arenas‐Castro, S., Ganbaatar, O., Komárková, M., Sillero, N., Šimek, J., & Ceacero, F. (2026) · European Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.1007/s10344-026-02110-x
Bates, L. A., Byrne, R., & Poole, J. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009445696.023
Roos, T., Eggeling, T., Garaï, M. E., Boult, V. L., Ganswindt, A., Mitchell, B., & Delsink, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0348698
Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) demonstrate inhibitory control in a detour task
Hope, S. F., Jacobson, S. L., Dittakul, S., Schmitt, G., PLA-ARD, M., Yindee, M., Angkawanish, T., & Plotnik, J. M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0356549
Paleogenomics and habitat modeling reveal temperate Eurasian origins of woolly rhinoceroses
Xiao-le, L., Ruan, J., Liang, X., Teixeira, R., Zhang, J., Gilardet, A., Zhou, X., Han, Y., Zhao, Z., Yue, H.-Y., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aed0430 · Cited by 1
Elephant gestural communication during agonistic interactions: repertoire, intentionality, and goals
Eleuteri, V., Letrari, A., Bates, L. A., Hobaiter, C., & Stoeger, A. S. (2026) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-026-02108-7
Social context information and acoustic convergence in elephant vocal choruses
Mahon, L., Pardo, M. A., Miron, M., Chemla, E., Granli, P., Njiraini, N., Moss, C. J., Keen, S. C., & Poole, J. H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68525-3
Aguilar, S. E. S., del Toro, C. J., Aureli, F., Pietrangeli, E., & Ramos‐Fernández, G. (2026) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123727
Moss, C. J., Lee, P. C., Njiraini, N., Sayialel, C., & Fishlock, V. (2026) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123733
Reproductive state shapes female social network position in bottlenose dolphins
Methion, S., & López, B. D. (2026) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123745
Metadata
- Authors
- Wittemyer, G., Douglas-Hamilton, I., & Getz, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Save the Elephants (KE)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Wittemyer, G.
- Venue
- Animal Behaviour
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1357-1371
- ISSN
- 0003-3472 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103227323
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 27.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Animal Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- Loxodonta africana, social structure, fission-fusion societies, social cohesion, matriarchs, age structure, seasonal variation, resource competition, predator defense, social units, socioecology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review