Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
Abstract
Purpose Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), multiple episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC; vaginal yeast infection) within a 12-month period, adversely affects quality of life, mental health, and sexual activity. Diagnosis is not straightforward, as VVC is defined by the combination of often nonspecific vaginal symptoms and the presence of yeast-which is a common vaginal commensal. Estimating the incidence and prevalence is challenging: most VVC is diagnosed and treated empirically, the availability for purchase of effective therapies over the counter enables self-diagnosis and treatment, and the duration of the relatively benign VVC symptoms is short, introducing errors into any estimates relying on medical records or patient recall.Methods We evaluate current estimates of VVC and RVVC and provide new prevalence estimates using data from a 2011 seven-country (n = 7345) internet panel survey on VVC conducted by Ipsos Health (https://www.ipsos.com/en). We also evaluate information on VVC-associated visits using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.Results The estimated probability of VVC by age 50 varied widely by country (from 23% to 49%, mean 39%), as did the estimated probability of RVVC after VVC (from 14% to 28%, mean 23%).Conclusions However estimated, the probability of RVVC was high suggesting RVVC is a common condition.
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Because Candida is a common vaginal commensal that can be found in the absence of infection, its presence is not diagnostic in itself.
“Because Candida is a common vaginal commensal that can be found in the absence of infection, its presence is not diagnostic in itself. 6”
From Clinical challenges in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Even in women who previously had a clinically diagnosed acute VVC infection, only one-third correctly self-diagnosed a subsequent VVC infection.
“Even in women who previously had a clinically diagnosed acute VVC infection, only one-third correctly self-diagnosed a subsequent VVC infection. 6”
From Clinical challenges in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Studies have shown that women often base self-diagnosis on nonspecific symptoms and without a full understanding of the variety of vaginal conditions that can cause similar symptoms.
“Studies have shown, however, that women often base self-diagnosis on nonspecific symptoms and without a full understanding of the variety of vaginal conditions that can cause similar symptoms. 6”
From Clinical challenges in diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Overexposure to azoles may increase the development of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains.
“Although clinical resistance to antifungal agents remains rare, overexposure to azoles may increase the development of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains.”
From Management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis: Narrative review of the literature and European expert panel opinion (2022) · cites this paper as Blostein et al., 2017
The probability of women developing RVVC in European countries before the age of 50 is 24%.
“According to a recent study, the probability of women developing RVVC in European countries before the age of 50 is 24% (Blostein et al., 2017).”
From Management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis: Narrative review of the literature and European expert panel opinion (2022) · cites this paper as Blostein et al., 2017
Clinical resistance of C. albicans to antifungal agents remains rare.
“Although clinical resistance to antifungal agents remains rare, overexposure to azoles may increase the development of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains.”
From Management of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis: Narrative review of the literature and European expert panel opinion (2022) · cites this paper as Blostein et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Blostein, F., Levin-Sparenberg, E., Wagner, J., & Foxman, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Foxman, Betsy
- Venue
- Annals of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 575-582.e3
- ISSN
- 1047-2797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2746230075
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NovaDigm Therapeutics
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Urinary Tract Infections Management
- Keywords
- recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis, prevalence, incidence, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, yeast infections, quality of life, sexual activity
- MeSH terms
- Antifungal Agents, Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal, Female, Humans, Quality of Life, Recurrence, Sexual Behavior, Vagina, Incidence, Prevalence, Age Distribution
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