Richter and sodium appetite: from adrenalectomy to molecular biology
Open accessAbstract
Nearly three-quarters of a century ago, Curt Richter removed the adrenal glands from rats and noted that the animal's vitality was dependent on its increased consumption of sodium chloride. In doing so, Richter revealed an innate behavioral mechanism that serves to maintain the hydromineral balance of an animal faced with sodium deficit. This experiment and others like it, led to the development of a field of research devoted to the investigation of salt appetite. The following is a discussion of how Richter's initial observations gave birth to an evolving field that incorporates multiple approaches to examine the drive to consume sodium.
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Sodium depletion causes a robust and highly specific motivation to consume sodium, such that salt solutions that are negative/aversive in the replete state become preferred/rewarding in sodium-depleted animals.
“Sodium depletion causes a robust and highly specific motivation to consume sodium, such that salt solutions that are negative/aversive in the replete state become preferred/rewarding in sodium-depleted animals”
From FGF21 and the physiological regulation of macronutrient preference (2020) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Krause, E. G., & Sakai, R. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sakai, Randall R.
- ORCID
- Krause, Eric G.
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 353-367
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2096615
- OpenAlex
- W2047478527
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R00HL096830)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 48061, DK 66596, R01DK048061, F32DK079710, R01DK066596, R29DK048061)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Keywords
- salt appetite, sodium appetite, adrenalectomy, hydromineral balance, history of physiology, sodium deficiency, sodium homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Adrenalectomy, Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, Animals, Appetite, Behavior, Animal, Female, Male, Sodium, Taste, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, History, 20th Century, Rats
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