The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Avoidance learning in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and implications for pain perception
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“In one study, trout, but not goldfish, were found to prefer social contact to avoiding a shock; the trout will suffer increasingly strong shocks to approach a social partner [75].”
From The social origins of consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Sneddon, 2002, Receptor types on the head of the rainbow trout: are nociceptors present?, Comp. Bio. Physiol., 32A, S42
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Defining and assessing animal pain
Sneddon, L. U., Elwood, R. W., Adamo, S. A., & Leach, M. C. (2014) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.09.007 · Cited by 508
“For example, goldfish and rainbow trout avoid an area where they received an electric shock (Dunlop et al., 2006).”
Rose, J. D., Arlinghaus, R., Cooke, S. J., Diggles, B. K., Sawynok, W., Stevens, D., & Wynne, C. D. L. (2012) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/faf.12010 · Cited by 311
“…even invertebrates, ‘pain’ was defined as a response that was ‘more than a simple reflex,’ or something similar [in the language used by Sneddon (2003a,b), Sneddon et al. (2003a,b), Dunlop et al. (2006), Barr et al. (2008), Appel and Elwood (2009), Ashley et al. (2009) and Elwood and Appel (2009).”
BackgroundMethodClinical Anesthesia and Analgesia in Fish
Sneddon, L. U. (2012) · Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.009 · Cited by 300
“demonstrates that potentially painful events impair their normal behavior and may be indicative of discomfort.(6-8,10,11,13,80,81) Prolonged changes in behavior have been observed, but relatively few studies have explored the use of analgesia to reduce these abnormal activities.”
BackgroundSneddon, L. U. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.088823 · Cited by 220
“This avoidance behaviour persists for up to 3 days (Dunlop et al., 2006), but after 3 days of food deprivation fish will risk entering the shock zone to obtain food (Millsopp and Laming, 2008).”
The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI
Birch, J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191966729.001.0001 · Cited by 236
Pain experience in hermit crabs?
Elwood, R. W., & Appel, M. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.01.028 · Cited by 154
“Studies on birds (Gentle et al. 1991), amphibians (Stevens 1992; Machin 1999) and fish (Sneddon 2003; Sneddon et al. 2003; Dunlop et al. 2006; Millsopp & Laming 2008) all provide evidence consistent with pain.”
BackgroundPain perception, aversion and fear in fish
Braithwaite, V. A., & Boulcott, P. (2007) · Diseases of Aquatic Organisms · doi:10.3354/dao075131 · Cited by 148
“Dunlop et al. (2006) extended the approach taken by Yue et al. (2004) in that they investigated more than the learned association between the stimulus and the response.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialReilly, S. C., Quinn, J. P., Cossins, A. R., & Sneddon, L. U. (2008) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.016 · Cited by 141
“The behavioural reaction to nociception in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) changes according to circumstances (Dunlop et al., 2006).”
InfluentialEthical considerations in fish research
Sloman, K. A., Bouyoucos, I. A., Brooks, E. J., & Sneddon, L. U. (2019) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.13946 · Cited by 146
Motivational trade-offs and potential pain experience in hermit crabs
Appel, M., & Elwood, R. W. (2009) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.03.013 · Cited by 132
“Autotomy responses, for example, were initiated by injecting bee venom, which induces pain in vertebrates, in legs of spiders (Eisner and Camazine, 1983).”
BackgroundIdentifying and monitoring pain in farm animals: a review
Prunier, A., Mounier, L., Neindre, P. L., Leterrier, C., Mormède, P., Paulmier, V., Prunet, P., Terlouw, C. E. M., & Guatteo, R. R. (2012) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731112002406 · Cited by 128
“Two types of escape behaviours were described both in goldfish and trout: a high speed ‘panic’ swimming response ceasing immediately after leaving the electrical zone and a more calm response (‘tail-flip’), allowing the fish to cruise from the zone (Dunlop et al., 2006).”
BackgroundFish do not feel pain and its implications for understanding phenomenal consciousness
Key, B. (2014) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-014-9469-4 · Cited by 118
“This vague distinction between reflex and non-reflexive (or flexible) behaviours in fish relies on the notion that higher-level brain activity was associated with the latter and not the former (Dunlop et al. 2006; Braithwaite et al. 2013).”
BackgroundDirect activation of the Mauthner cell by electric field pulses drives ultrarapid escape responses
Tabor, K. M., Bergeron, S. A., Horstick, E. J., Jordan, D. C., Lammi, V., Porkka‐Heiskanen, T., Haspel, G., & Burgess, H. A. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00228.2014 · Cited by 114
“(Dunlop et al. 2006; Webb 1976, 1980; Yokogawa et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMagee, B., & Elwood, R. W. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.072041 · Cited by 104
“Another useful technique to assess the aversive nature of a stimulus is to test whether the animal will give up a valuable resource to avoid that stimulus (Dunlop et al., 2006).”
BackgroundUnderstanding fish cognition: a review and appraisal of current practices
Salena, M. G., Turko, A. J., Singh, A., Pathak, A., Hughes, E., Brown, C., & Balshine, S. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01488-2 · Cited by 109
Mettam, J. J., Oulton, L. J., McCrohan, C. R., & Sneddon, L. U. (2011) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.06.009 · Cited by 92
“…owing to their commercial importance and because they are a validated model with the capacity for nociception and pain (Sneddon, 2002, 2003a, 2003b; Sneddon et al., 2003; Dunlop and Laming, 2005; Dunlop et al., 2006; Ashley et al., 2007, 2009; Newby and Stevens, 2008; Reilly et al., 2008a, 2008b).”
Review of inflammation in fish and value of the zebrafish model
Campos‐Sánchez, J. C., & Esteban, M. Á. (2020) · Journal of Fish Diseases · doi:10.1111/jfd.13310 · Cited by 98
Trade-offs between feeding and shock avoidance in goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Millsopp, S., & Laming, P. R. (2008) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.11.004 · Cited by 85
Self-citationThe zebrafish as a model for nociception studies
Malafoglia, V., Bryant, B. P., Raffaeli, W., Giordano, A., & Bellipanni, G. (2013) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.24379 · Cited by 73
“This has been shown in adult goldfish and rainbow trout (Dunlop et al., 2006; Sneddon, 2004) in response to painful electric stimuli, but not for other types of noxious stimuli.”
BackgroundWhat Is It Like to Be a Bass? Red Herrings, Fish Pain and the Study of Animal Sentience
Mason, G. J., & Lavery, J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.788289 · Cited by 80
Evidence for pain in decapod crustaceans
Elwood, R. (2012) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/096272812x13353700593365 · Cited by 69
Nordgreen, J., Garner, J. P., Janczak, A. M., Ranheim, B., Muir, W. M., & Horsberg, T. E. (2009) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.03.015 · Cited by 84
“Galvanic stimulation has been employed to investigate nociception in fish ( Dunlop et al., 2006; Nordgreen et al., 2007), and fish clearly react aversively to this stimulation.”
MethodUse of conditioned place preference/avoidance tests to assess affective states in fish
Millot, S., Cerqueira, M. A. C., Castanheira, M. F., Øyvind Øverli, A., Martins, C. I. M., & Oliveira, R. F. (2014) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2014.02.004 · Cited by 60
Indian mynahs, Acridotheres tristis, learn about dangerous places by observing the fate of others
Griffin, A. S., & Boyce, H. M. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.03.012 · Cited by 57
“For example, goldfish, Carassius auratus, spend less time in an area in which they have received an electric shock than in an area in which they have not (Dunlop et al. 2006).”
BackgroundProteomic changes in the crucian carp brain during exposure to anoxia
Smith, R. W. P., Cash, P., Ellefsen, S., & Nilsson, G. (2009) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.200800662 · Cited by 57
Nordgreen, J., Horsberg, T. E., Ranheim, B., & Chen, A. C. N. (2007) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-007-0283-1 · Cited by 54
“In Wsh, few studies have been performed on the behavioural eVects of localized galvanic stimulation, and these normally report stimulation intensities in volt without any measures of impedance (Ehrensing et al. 1982; Dunlop et al. 2006).”
BackgroundFish Analgesia: Pain, Stress, Fear Aversion, or Nociception?
Weber, E. S. (2010) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.002 · Cited by 53
Fish and microchips: on fish pain and multiple realization
Michel, M. (2019) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-018-1133-4 · Cited by 51
(2011) · WBI Studies Repository · Cited by 46
Fennell, D. A., & Nowaczek, A. M. K. (2010) · Journal of Ecotourism · doi:10.1080/14724041003741519 · Cited by 45
Functional aspects of emotions in fish
Kittilsen, S. (2013) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2013.09.002 · Cited by 43
Araújo, C. V. M., Rodríguez, E. N. V., Salvatierra, D., Cedeño‐Macías, L. A., Vera-Vera, V., Moreira‐Santos, M., & Ribeiro, R. (2016) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.029 · Cited by 43
Measuring motivation in a cichlid fish: An adaptation of the push-door paradigm
Galhardo, L., Almeida, O., & Oliveira, R. F. (2011) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.12.008 · Cited by 43
“For example, goldfish exhibit trade-offs between the cost of a discrete shock and social contact (Dunlop et al., 2006) and feeding (Millsopp and Laming, 2008).”
BackgroundOptimal Foraging of Little Egrets and Their Prey in a Foraging Game in a Patchy Environment
Katz, M., Abramsky, Z., Kotler, B. P., Rosenzweig, M. L., Alteshtein, O., & Vasserman, G. (2013) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/669156 · Cited by 42
“Consequently, there is a growing body of literature using goldfish as a model study organism for behavioral research (e.g., Pitcher and Magurran 1983; Vargas et al. 2004; Weir and Grant 2004; Amano et al. 2005; Stenberg and Persson 2005; Yoshida et al. 2005; Dunlop et al. 2006; Ingrum et al. 2010).”
BackgroundPain and Emotion in Fishes – Fish Welfare Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture
Brown, C., & Dorey, C. (2019) · Animal studies journal · doi:10.14453/asj.v8i2.12 · Cited by 38
Baker, T. R., Baker, B. B., Johnson, S. M., & Sladky, K. K. (2013) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.243.6.882 · Cited by 38
Acute administration of THC impairs spatial but not associative memory function in zebrafish
Ruhl, T., Prinz, N., Oellers, N., Seidel, N. I., Jonas, A., Albayram, Ö., Bilkei‐Gorzó, A., & von der Emde, G. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3522-5 · Cited by 37
“These include avoidance learning (Dunlop et al. 2006; Portavella et al. 2004a; Xu et al. 2007), spatial cognition (Odling-Smee and Braithwaite 2003; Rodriguez et al. 1994; Saito and Watanabe 2005; Warburton 1990; Williams et al. 2002) and visual discrimination (Arthur and Levin 2001; Avdesh et al.…”
Braithwaite, V. A., & Boulcott, P. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470697610.ch5 · Cited by 36
Emergent Runaway into an Avoidance Area in a Swarm of Soldier Crabs
Murakami, H., Tomaru, T., Nishiyama, Y., Moriyama, T., Niizato, T., & Gunji, Y.-P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097870 · Cited by 36
“Although spontaneous invading behaviors into an avoided area have been reported for several animals, in most cases, animals have some motivation such as rich food sources to encourage entrance into an avoidance area [15,16].”
BackgroundTrace classical conditioning in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): what do they learn?
Nordgreen, J., Janczak, A. M., Hovland, A. L., Ranheim, B., & Horsberg, T. E. (2009) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0267-3 · Cited by 35
“Both rainbow trout and goldWsh acquire place aversion to an area in a tank in which they have previously received electric shock ( Dunlop et al. 2006 ).”
BackgroundAssessing tests of animal consciousness
Dung, L. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103410 · Cited by 36
Are fish the victims of ‘speciesism’? A discussion about fear, pain and animal consciousness
Cottee, S. Y. (2010) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-010-9449-9 · Cited by 28
“taste aversion) (Little 1977) and capacity to use ‘trade-offs’ according to ‘consumer demand’ theory (Dunlop et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical and psychological motivation tests of individual preferences in rainbow trout
Maia, C. M., Ferguson, B., Volpato, G. L., & Braithwaite, V. A. (2017) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12438 · Cited by 27
The importance of safety signals in animal handling and training
McGreevy, P. D., Henshall, C., Starling, M. J., McLean, A. N., & Boakes, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.006 · Cited by 33
Influence of interspecific interactions on avoidance response to contamination
da Silva, D. C. V. R., Araújo, C. V. M., Marassi, R. J., Cardoso-Silva, S., Neto, M. B., Silva, G. C., Ribeiro, R., da Silva, F. T., de Paiva, T. C. B., & Pompêo, M. L. M. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.127 · Cited by 26
Sneddon, L. U., & Brown, C. (2020) · Advances in neuroethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31011-0_4 · Cited by 26
Cutting the Gordian knot: Complex signaling in African cichlids is more than multimodal
van Staaden, M. J., & Smith, A. R. (2011) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/czoolo/57.2.237 · Cited by 26
“In such scenarios, 1 Balshine-Earn and Lotem, 1998; 2 Rosenthal, 2000; 3 Saverino and Gerlai, 2008; 4 Baldauf et al., 2009; 5 Elliot, 2006; 6 Dunlop et al., 2006; 7 Yue et al., 2004; 8 Paul et al., 2005; 9 Braithwaite and Boulcott, 2007; 10 Braithwaite, 2006; 11 Pierotti et al., 2008; 12 Amorim and…”
BackgroundMethodThe endocannabinoid system and associative learning and memory in zebrafish
Ruhl, T., Moesbauer, K., Oellers, N., & von der Emde, G. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.046 · Cited by 26
Potential Pain in Fish and Decapods: Similar Experimental Approaches and Similar Results
Elwood, R. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.631151 · Cited by 24
A preliminary study into the effectiveness of stroboscopic light as an aversive stimulus for fish
Mesquita, F. D. O., Godinho, H. P., de Azevedo, P. G., & Young, R. J. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.06.014 · Cited by 25
Stress-Induced Antinociception in Fish Reversed by Naloxone
Wolkers, C. P. B., Barbosa, A., Menescal-de-Oliveira, L., & Hoffmann, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071175 · Cited by 25
“Experimental evidence also indicates that fish can learn to avoid a noxious stimulus by associating it with a specific area of the tank and that they retain this information, avoiding a return to this area after the stimulus [12], [13].”
BackgroundInvestigating Fear in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Using the Conditioned-Suppression Paradigm
Yue, S., Duncan, I. J. H., & Moccia, R. D. (2008) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888700701729106 · Cited by 25
“Although the avoidance of a stimulus indicates that the animal finds the stimulus aversive, a more convincing case of avoidance behavior with an emotional component consists of the response being shown to have been consciously performed ( Dunlop, Millsopp, & Laming. 2006 ).”
BackgroundState-dependent foraging among social fish in a risky environment
Balaban‐Feld, J., Mitchell, W. A., Kotler, B. P., Vijayan, S., Tovelem, L. T., & Abramsky, Z. (2019) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04395-z · Cited by 24
Balaban‐Feld, J., Mitchell, W. A., Kotler, B. P., Vijayan, S., Tovelem, L. T., Rosenzweig, M. L., & Abramsky, Z. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0826 · Cited by 23
A standardized battery of tests to measure Octopus vulgaris’ behavioural performance
Borrelli, L., Chiandetti, C., & Fiorito, G. (2020) · Invertebrate Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10158-020-0237-7 · Cited by 24
Theoretical basis and principles for welfare assessment of farmed fish
Kristiansen, T. S., Madaro, A., Stien, L. H., Bracke, M. B. M., & Noble, C. (2020) · Fish physiology · doi:10.1016/bs.fp.2020.09.006 · Cited by 23
Ausas, M. S., Mazzitelli-Fuentes, L., Román, F. R., Crichigno, S. A., Vincenti, A. P. D., & Mongiat, L. A. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.006 · Cited by 20
Analgesia for non-mammalian vertebrates
Williams, C. J. A., James, L. E., Bertelsen, M. F., & Wang, T. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.07.001 · Cited by 20
A Brief Look into the Origins of Fish Welfare Science
Kristiansen, T. S., & Bracke, M. B. M. (2020) · Animal welfare · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41675-1_1 · Cited by 26
Ingrum, J., Nordell, S. E., & Dole, J. W. (2010) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/03949371003707638 · Cited by 20
Defining pain and painful sentience in animals
Walters, E. T. (2018) · Animal Sentience · doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1360 · Cited by 20
“In mammalian pain studies and at least one fish study (Dunlop et al., 2006), this choice has been demonstrated by operant tests showing conditioned place avoidance (CPA) — an animal avoiding a place (or sometimes a simple cue) associated with previous noxious stimulation (electric shock in the fish study, which may ac…”
BackgroundThreats at home? Assessing the potential ecological impacts and risks of commonly traded pet fishes
Dickey, J. W. E., Arnott, G., McGlade, C. L. O., Moore, A., Riddell, G. E., & Dick, J. T. A. (2022) · NeoBiota · doi:10.3897/neobiota.73.80542 · Cited by 19
“Neutral interactions for goldfish and stone loach were as expected as neither species is a shoaling species, with the former only truly social when breeding (Dunlop et al. 2006), and neither is known to be particularly aggressive towards conspecifics (unlike, for example, the benthic round goby, Neogobius melanostomus…”
BackgroundEnvironmental Enrichment for Aquatic Animals
Corcoran, M. (2015) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2015.01.004 · Cited by 19
Response of zebrafish larvae to mild electrical stimuli: A 96-well setup for behavioural screening
Steenbergen, P. J. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.03.002 · Cited by 20
Sneddon, L. U. (2020) · Animal welfare · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41675-1_10 · Cited by 19
Social learning about places: observers may need to detect both social alarm and its cause to learn
Griffin, A. S., Boyce, H. M., & MacFarlane, G. R. (2009) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.029 · Cited by 18
“Indeed, extensive work on individual place learning has shown repeatedly that contextual information can play the role of a CS and become associated with an aversive US (Siegfried & Frischkencht 1989; Dolman et al. 1996; Blanchard et al. 2001; Dunlop et al. 2006).”
BackgroundBrown, C., Wolfenden, D. C. C., & Sneddon, L. U. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119333708.ch23 · Cited by 16
Conservation after biodiversity: An analysis of Michael E. Soulé's ‘What is Conservation Biology?’
Castelló, P. P., & Santiago‐Ávila, F. J. (2023) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110313 · Cited by 15
Schwarze, S., Bleckmann, H., & Schluessel, V. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-013-0847-1 · Cited by 15
“…al. 1997; Gamaro et al. 1999; Wilensky et al. 1999), birds (Ferrari et al. 1999) and fish (Behrend and Bitterman 1963; Kaplan and Aronson 1967; Portavella et al. 2002, 2003, 2004a, b; Chandroo et al. 2004; Yue et al. 2004; Portavella and Vargas 2005; Dunlop et al. 2006; Carpenter and Summers 2009).”
Magee, B., & Elwood, R. W. (2016) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.019216 · Cited by 15
“Such learning was shown in fish (Dunlop et al., 2006) and in shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) (Magee and Elwood, 2013).”
BackgroundGreene, W., Mylniczenko, N. D., Storms, T. N., Burns, C. M., Lewbart, G. A., Byrd, L., & Papich, M. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.585324 · Cited by 15
Memory retention of appetitive and aversive conditioning in the damselfish Stegastes fuscus
Silveira, M., de Souza, J. F., Moreira, A. L. P., Silva, P. F., & Luchiari, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.14063 · Cited by 14
Nociceptive-like behavior and analgesia in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)
Rodrigues, P., Barbosa, L. B., Bianchini, A. E., Ferrari, F. T., Baldisserotto, B., & Heinzmann, B. M. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112648 · Cited by 14
Raulic, J., Beaudry, F., Beauchamp, G., Jalenques, M., Summa, N., Lair, S., Youcef, W. A., & Vergneau‐Grosset, C. (2021) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/2020-0130 · Cited by 14
Nocifensive Behavior in Adult and Larval Zebrafish
Lima, M. G., Maximino, C., Batista, E. D. J. O., Oliveira, K. R. M., & Herculano, A. M. (2012) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-597-8_11 · Cited by 14
Vardi, R., Abramsky, Z., Kotler, B. P., Altstein, O., & Rosenzweig, M. L. (2017) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3884-6 · Cited by 11
Czapla, P., Wallerius, M. L., Monk, C. T., Cooke, S. J., & Arlinghaus, R. (2022) · Fisheries Research · doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2022.106573 · Cited by 11
“…certain negative experiences just for a limited time, with the length of memory scaling with cognitive ability, the degree of noxious stimulation, the severity of the threat (Bintz, 1971; Gallon, 1972; Dunlop et al., 2006) and the rate of environmental change (Kotrschal and Taborsky, 2010).”
BackgroundCognition: Learning and Memory
Braithwaite, V. A., & Salvanes, A. G. V. (2008) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 11
McMahon, T. A., Hill, M. N., Lentz, G., Scott, E. F., Tenouri, N., & Rohr, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13932 · Cited by 10
Muir, R., Keown, A., Adams, N., & Farnworth, M. J. (2013) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.7120/09627286.22.3.323 · Cited by 10
“Currently, the dominant viewpoint among the scientific community is supportive of the notion that fish are capable of experiencing pain (Arlinghaus et al 2012), and several recent studies support this (Sneddon et al 2003; Dunlop et al 2006; Braithwaite & Boulcott 2007).”
ResultBalaban‐Feld, J., Mitchell, W. A., Kotler, B. P., Vijayan, S., Tovelem, L. T., & Abramsky, Z. (2018) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2499-1 · Cited by 11
“Consequently, a growing literature uses goldfish as a model study organism for behavioural research (e.g. Yoshida et al. 2005; Dunlop et al. 2006).”
The role of avoidance learning in an aggressive mimicry system
Cheney, K. L. (2008) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arn001 · Cited by 10
“In a recent study, goldfish and trout learned to spatially avoid areas associated with a painful stimulus; however, information retention and response to increased intensity of stimulus varied between the 2 species (Dunlop et al. 2006).”
BackgroundWhen and why are motivational trade-offs evidence of sentience?
Brown, S. A. B., & Birch, J. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0309 · Cited by 14
“This approach was applied not just in rats, but in a wide array of species, such as iguanas [32], goldfish, and trout [33,34].”
A predator-prey foraging game: How does prey density influence tactics?
Katz, M., Abramsky, Z., Kotler, B. P., Roth, I., Livne‐Luzon, S., Altstein, O., & Rosenzweig, M. L. (2014) · Cited by 8
Methods to Quantify Basal and Stress-Induced Cortisol Response in Larval Zebrafish
Steenbergen, P. J., Metz, J. R., Flik, G., Richardson, M. K., & Champagne, D. L. (2012) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-597-8_9 · Cited by 9
A predator–prey behavioural game: how does number of food patches influence foraging tactics?
Katz, M., Abramsky, Z., Kotler, B. P., Roth, I., Alteshtein, O., & Rosenzweig, M. L. (2014) · Cited by 8
Braithwaite, V. A., & Salvanes, A. G. V. (2008) · Science Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10757-4 · Cited by 8
Animal Minds, Social Change, and the Future of Fisheries Science
Ryba, R., & Connell, S. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.684841 · Cited by 9
“Since the foundational studies on fish pain (Ehrensing et al., 1982; Chervova, 1997; Chervova and Lapshin, 2000; Sneddon et al., 2003a,b; Dunlop and Laming, 2005; Dunlop et al., 2006; Nordgreen et al., 2007), the body of evidence has developed such that the two key considerations are now considered well-supported (Sne…”
BackgroundNordgreen, J., Bjørge, M. H., Janczak, A. M., Poppe, T. T., Koppang, E. O., Ranheim, B., & Horsberg, T. E. (2013) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.03.002 · Cited by 6
Fish – How to Ask Them the Right Questions
Pouca, C. V., & Brown, C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333191.011 · Cited by 6
Sladky, K. K. (2022) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.003 · Cited by 5
From nociception in aneural animals to human suffering: toward a comparative biology of pain
Walters, E. T. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.251210 · Cited by 8
High risk of predation suppresses behavioural differences among bold and shy social prey individuals
Balaban‐Feld, J., Vijayan, S., Mitchell, W. A., Kotler, B. P., Badichi, S., & Abramsky, Z. (2022) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-bja10179 · Cited by 5
Risk Assessment of Catch and Release
Olsen, R. E., Næsje, T. F., Poppe, T. T., Sneddon, L. U., & Webb, J. H. (2010) · WBI Studies Repository · Cited by 5
Alterations in MicroRNA-132/212 Expression Impairs Fear Memory in Goldfish Carassius auratus
Thangaleela, S., Shanmugapriya, V., Mukilan, M., Radhakrishnan, K., & Rajan, K. E. (2018) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1159/000486842 · Cited by 6
Ludvigsen, S., Stenklev, N. C., Johnsen, H., Laukli, E., Matre, D., & Aas-Hansen, Ø. (2013) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-013-9834-2 · Cited by 5
“Although experimental studies suggest that electric stimulation may induce aversive behaviors in fish [e.g., Chervova (1997), Dunlop et al. (2006), Ehrensing et al. (1982)], a direct comparison of stimulus intensities with those studies is not possible since they report stimulus intensities in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComparing the non-lethal and lethal effects of predation risk on goldfish anti-predatory behavior
Katz, M., Abramsky, Z., Kotler, B. P., Rosenzweig, M. L., Altstein, O., Roth, I., & Klimovitsky, C. (2016) · Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1080/15659801.2015.1059720 · Cited by 5
Recognition and Treatment of Pain in Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fish
Posner, L. P., & Chinnadurai, S. K. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118999196.ch38 · Cited by 5
Considerations for shock and ‘training’ collars: Concerns from and for the working dog community
Overall, K. L. (2007) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2007.07.001 · Cited by 5
Teleost welfare: behavioural, cognitive and physiological aspects in Oreochromis mossambicus.
Galhardo, M. L. S. (2011) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/k6tq-qn70 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunlop, R., Millsopp, S., & Laming, P.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dunlop, Rebecca
- ORCID
- Dunlop, Rebecca
- Venue
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 2-4
- Pages
- 255-271
- ISSN
- 0168-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066612443
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Social Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish biology, ecology, and behavior
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- avoidance learning, goldfish, trout, cutaneous nociception, electric shock, stimulus intensity, spatial learning, memory, conspecific presence, nociceptors
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