Fish and microchips: on fish pain and multiple realization
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Michel (2019) reaches a pessimistic conclusion about our ability to ever agree on indicators for consciousness.
“This problem is also raised by Michel (2019), who reaches a pessimistic conclusion about our ability to ever agree on indicators for consciousness.”
From The Measurement Problem of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Michel (2019)
In §2.2, Michel argues that proponents of multiple realization cannot establish a criterion for distinguishing plausible from implausible attributions of consciousness. The Conclusion says this debate cannot be settled by data alone, but also allows that sufficient conditions for consciousness in animals may be found. The claim captures his pessimism about a particular kind of criterion, but overstates it as an inability to ever agree on any indicators for consciousness. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Rairat, T., Chi, Y., Hsieh, C., Liu, Y., Chuchird, N., & Chou, C. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11061521 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Higher-order theories do just fine
Michel, M., & Lau, H. (2021) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2020.1839402 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing tests of animal consciousness
Dung, L. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103410 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Evolving Concepts of Functional Localization
McCaffrey, J. B. (2023) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12914 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.001.0001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Do Mechanisms Matter for Inferences About Consciousness?
Mckilliam, A. (2025) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2025.2587709 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Barrett, M., Miranda, C., Veloso, I., Flint, C. A., Perl, C. D., Martinez, A., Fischer, B., & Tomberlin, J. (2024) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/awf.2024.10 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Drawing the boundaries of animal sentience
Veit, W., & Huebner, B. (2020) · Animal Sentience · doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1595 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
There is an epistemic problem in animal consciousness research
Roige, A. (2023) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-023-09912-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
When and why are motivational trade-offs evidence of sentience?
Brown, S. A. B., & Birch, J. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0309 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The welfare of brain organoids
Browning, H., & Veit, W. (2023) · Molecular Psychology Brain Behavior and Society · doi:10.12688/molpsychol.17523.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Is absence of evidence of pain ever evidence of absence?
Brown, D. J., & Key, B. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02961-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Defending and refining the Birch <i>et al.</i> (2021) precautionary framework for animal sentience
Fischer, B., Gottlieb, J., Schnell, A. K., & Barrett, M. (2025) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/awf.2025.27 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…one, the relevant traits — modulating responses to noxious stimuli and being able to integrate information from various sensory sources — are recognised to probably be ‘ multiply realisable ’ , in the sense that similar functional traits can be realised through different mechanisms (Michel 2019).”
Pain, Life, and God: Theodicy Informed by Biology and Evolutionary Medicine
Horvat, S. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14030319 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A credence-based theory-heavy approach to non-human consciousness
de Weerd, C. R. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04539-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Greenhough, B., Roe, E. J., & Message, R. (2024) · Scottish Geographical Journal · doi:10.1080/14702541.2024.2378308 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
What the functions of consciousness are depends on what one thinks consciousness is
LeDoux, J. E. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0311 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How-tests for consciousness and direct neurophenomenal structuralism
Fink, S. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1352272 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Emergence ex Machina: Correlates of ConsciousnessPreprint
Herzog, D. J., & Herzog, N. J. (2025) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/rolbjw · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identity Theory and Falsifiability
Søgaard, A. (2024) · Acta Analytica · doi:10.1007/s12136-024-00587-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Quest for Sentience: from Crustaceans to Plants
da Silva, J. M. (2024) · Global Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10516-024-09714-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anesthesia for non-traditional consciousness
Deverett, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1146242
Roszak, P., & Horvat, S. (2024) · New approaches to the scientific study of religion · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62498-8_5
No Exceptionalism: Norms of Inquiry in the Science of Animal Consciousness
Beasley, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · doi:10.53765/20512201.31.11.007
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.002.0007
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0009
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.002.0006
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0010
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0011
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0006
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0001
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0005
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0003
Biographical & Historical Preliminaries
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0002
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0007
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0008
Klein, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780190085872.003.0004
Michel, M. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6f43ab45z2db3z4eb1zb769z20d7a91160db
Self-citationReid, C. H., Midwood, J., Vandergoot, C., Stevens, E., & Cooke, S. J. (2026) · Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture · doi:10.1080/23308249.2026.2641693
- Authors
- Michel, M.
- Affiliations
- Sorbonne Université (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Michel, Matthias
- ORCID
- Michel, Matthias
- Venue
- Philosophical Studies
- Published
- 2018-07-05
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2411-2428
- ISSN
- 0031-8116 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0883
- OpenAlex
- W2832937512
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- philpapers.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Philosophical Studies (publishedVersion)
- PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Keywords
- fish pain, animal consciousness, multiple realizability, neocortex, animal sentience, fish cognition
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