Functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Fibre bundle actions related to ligament replacements and injuries
Abstract
This work studied the fibre bundle anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament. Three functional bundles--anteromedial, intermediate, and posterolateral--were identified in cadaver knees. Their contributions to resisting anterior subluxation in flexion and extension were found by repeated tests after sequential bundle transection. Changes of length in flexion and extension and in tibial rotation were measured. None of the fibres were isometric. The posterolateral bundle was stretched in extension and the anteromedial in flexion, which correlated with increased contributions to knee stability and the likelihood of partial ruptures in these positions. Tibial rotation had no significant effect. The fibre length changes suggested that the 'isometric point' aimed at by some ligament replacements lay anterior and superior to the femoral origin of the intermediate fibre bundle and towards the roof of the intercondylar notch.
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The most likely diagnosis and possible diagnoses were evaluated using a five-point scale described by Bond et al. 45.
“For the rating scales, the most likely diagnosis and possible diagnoses were evaluated using a five-point scale described by Bond et al. 45, which is shown in Table 5.”
From Enhancing diagnostic capability with multi-agents conversational large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [45]
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Luites, J. W. H., Wymenga, A. B., Blankevoort, L., & Kooloos, J. G. M. (2007) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-007-0402-0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Muneta, T., Koga, H., Morito, T., Yagishita, K., & Sekiya, I. (2006) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2005.12.008 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Gobbi, A. W., Mahajan, V., Karnatzikos, G., & Nakamura, N. (2011) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-011-1940-9 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Kondo, E., Merican, A. M., Yasuda, K., & Amis, A. A. (2010) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546510361234 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationProdromos, C. C., Fu, F. H., Howell, S. M., Johnson, D. H., & Lawhorn, K. W. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/00124635-200807000-00003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fatigue Failures in Knees Subjected to Repeated Simulated Pivot Landings
Lipps, D. B., Wojtys, E. M., & Ashton-Miller, J. A. (2013) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546513477836 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Anatomic double bundle ACL reconstruction: a literature review
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Anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament
Zantop, T., Petersen, W. J., & Fu, F. H. (2005) · Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics · doi:10.1053/j.oto.2004.11.011 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ibrahim, S. A. R., Hamido, F., Misfer, A. K. A., Mahgoob, A., Ghafar, S. A., & Alhran, H. (2009) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.91b10.21886 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Lie, D. T. T., Bull, A. M. J., & Amis, A. A. (2006) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/blo.0b013e3180314b01 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationYasuda, K., Ichiyama, H., Kondo, E., Miyatake, S., Inoue, M., & Tanabe, Y. (2007) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.08.031 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Using MR imaging to diagnose partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: value of axial images.
Roychowdhury, S., Fitzgerald, S. W., Sonin, A. H., Peduto, A. J., Miller, F. H., & Hoff, F. L. (1997) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.168.6.9168712 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Current knowledge in the anatomy of the human anterior cruciate ligament
Biçer, E. K., Lustıg, S., Servıen, E., Selmi, T. A. S., & Neyret, P. (2009) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-009-0993-8 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament
Ng, A. W. H. (2011) · World Journal of Orthopedics · doi:10.5312/wjo.v2.i8.75 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Park, S.-J., Jung, Y. B., Jung, H.-J., Jung, H., Shin, H.-K., Kim, E., Song, K., Kim, G.-S., Cheon, H.-Y., & Kim, S. (2010) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2009.09.006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
- Authors
- Amis, A., & Dawkins, G.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Amis, AA
- Venue
- The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume
- Published
- 1991-03
- Volume
- 73-B
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 260-267
- ISSN
- 0301-620X (ISSN-L)
- 2044-5377
- OpenAlex
- W1953146122
- Cited by
- 731
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Keywords
- anterior cruciate ligament, anteromedial bundle, posterolateral bundle, knee stability, partial rupture, ligament replacement, tibial rotation, cadaveric knee
- MeSH terms
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Knee Joint, Movement, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, In Vitro Techniques
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