Lipoprotein particle profiles compared with standard lipids in association with coronary artery calcification in the general Japanese population
Abstract
Objective The utility of lipoprotein particle profiles measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy beyond standard serum lipids remains inconclusive. Furthermore, few studies have compared NMR measurements with standard lipids in association with coronary artery calcification (CAC) in Japanese, where the coronary atherosclerotic burden is low. We examined whether NMR-based lipoprotein particle profiles are associated with CAC, and compared them with standard lipid and lipid ratios in the Japanese general population.Methods and results We conducted a cross-sectional study in 851 men aged 40-79 years without cardiovascular diseases and lipid-lowering therapies. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals) for the top versus the bottom quartile of NMR-measured particle concentrations were 2.01 (1.24-3.23) for low-density lipoprotein (LDL-P), 1.04 (0.62-1.75) for high-density lipoprotein (HDL-P), 1.82 (1.13-2.95) for very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-P), and 1.92 (1.18-3.17) for LDL-P/HDL-P ratio. Similarly adjusted ORs of NMR-measured particle sizes were 0.59 (0.36-0.97) for LDL-P, 0.66 (0.40-1.10) for HDL-P, and 0.67 (0.40-1.12) for VLDL-P. The corresponding ORs were 1.82 (1.14-2.90) for total cholesterol (TC), 2.06 (1.28-3.30) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 0.56 (0.34-0.91) for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 2.02 (1.24-3.29) for triglycerides, 2.08 (1.29-3.36) for non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), 2.27 (1.37-3.78) for TC/HDL-C ratio, and 1.73 (1.06-2.85) for LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. After mutual adjustment for total LDL-P concentration and TC/HDL-C ratio or non-HDL-C, LDL-P was no longer associated, whereas TC/HDL-C ratio remained significantly associated with CAC.Conclusions In community-based Japanese men, the overall association of CAC with NMR-measured lipoprotein indices is comparable, but not superior, to that with standard lipids.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In Chinese diabetic patients, the TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and apo B/AI ratios were involved in the spread of coronary lesions.
“In Chinese diabetic patients, the TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and apo B/AI ratios were involved in the spread of coronary lesions.”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [276]
Cites
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
Grundy, S. M., Becker, D. M., Clark, L. T., Cooper, R., Denke, M. A., Howard, J. L., Hunninghake, D. B., Illingworth, D. R., Luepker, R. V., McBride, P. E., et al. (2002) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 12,198 · see citing works
Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography
Agatston, A. S., Janowitz, W. R., Hildner, F. J., Zusmer, N. R., Viamonte, M., & Detrano, R. (1990) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(90)90282-t · Cited by 7,786 · see citing works
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Reiner, Ž., Catapano, A. L., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158 · Cited by 3,549 · see citing works
2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults
Greenland, P., Alpert, J. S., Beller, G. A., Benjamin, E. J., Budoff, M. J., Fayad, Z. A., Foster, E., Hlatky, M. A., Hodgson, J. M., Kushner, F. G., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182051b4c · Cited by 1,968 · see citing works
2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults
Greenland, P., Alpert, J. S., Beller, G. A., Benjamin, E. J., Budoff, M. J., Fayad, Z. A., Foster, E., Hlatky, M. A., Hodgson, J. M., Kushner, F. G., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.001 · Cited by 1,322 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors in Asia
Ueshima, H., Sekikawa, A. M., Miura, K., Turin, T. C., Takashima, N., Kita, Y., Watanabe, M., Kadota, A., Okuda, N., Kadowaki, T., et al. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.790048 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity
Berneis, K. K., & Krauss, R. M. (2002) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r200004-jlr200 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Lipoprotein Particle Analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Jeyarajah, E. J., Cromwell, W. C., & Otvos, J. D. (2006) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2006.07.006 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Mora, S., Otvos, J. D., Rifai, N., Rosenson, R. S., Buring, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.816181 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Teramoto, T., Sasaki, J., Ishibashi, S., Birou, S., Daida, H., Dohi, S., Egusa, G., Hiro, T., Hirobe, K., Iida, M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.15792 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citationBarter, P. J., Ballantyne, C. M., Carmena, R., Cabezas, M. C., Chapman, M. J., Couture, P., Graaf, J. D., Durrington, P. N., Færgeman, O., Frohlich, J., et al. (2006) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01616.x · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Clinical implications of discordance between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle number
Otvos, J. D., Mora, S., SHALAUROVA, I. Y., Greenland, P., Mackey, R. H., & Goff, D. C. (2011) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.02.001 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Mackey, R. H., Greenland, P., Goff, D. C., Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Sibley, C. T., & Mora, S. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.060 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Antiatherogenic small, dense HDL—guardian angel of the arterial wall?
Kontush, A., & Chapman, M. J. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0500 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Freedman, D. S., Otvos, J. D., Jeyarajah, E. J., SHALAUROVA, I. Y., Cupples, L. A., Parise, H., D’Agostino, R. B., Wilson, P. W. F., & Schaefer, E. J. (2004) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.032763 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Beyond High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
deGoma, E. M., deGoma, R. L., & Rader, D. J. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.016 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Marine-Derived n-3 Fatty Acids and Atherosclerosis in Japanese, Japanese-American, and White Men
Sekikawa, A. M., Curb, J. D., Ueshima, H., El‐Saed, A., Kadowaki, T., Abbott, R. D., Evans, R. W., Rodríguez, B. L., Okamura, T., Sutton‐Tyrrell, K., et al. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.047 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationLipid parameters for measuring risk of cardiovascular disease
Arsenault, B. J., Boekholdt, S. M., & Kastelein, J. J. P. (2011) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2010.223 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Nakamura, M., Sato, S., & Shimamoto, T. (2003) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.10.145 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Sekikawa, A. M., Ueshima, H., Kadowaki, T., El‐Saed, A., Okamura, T., Takamiya, T., Kashiwagi, A., Edmundowicz, D., Murata, K., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwk053 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationArai, H., Kokubo, Y., Watanabe, M., Sawamura, T., Ito, Y., Minagawa, A., Okamura, T., & Miyamato, Y. (2012) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.14936 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationOkamura, T., Kokubo, Y., Watanabe, M., Higashiyama, A., Miyamoto, Y., Yoshimasa, Y., & Okayama, A. (2009) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.07.020 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationMao, S. S., Pal, R., McKay, C. R., Gao, Y. G., Gopal, A., Ahmadi, N., Child, J., Carson, S., Takasu, J., Sarlak, B., et al. (2009) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/rct.0b013e31817579ee · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Changes in Coronary Heart Disease Risk Among Japanese
Iso, H. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.750117 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Chei, C.-L., Yamagishi, K., Kitamura, A., Kiyama, M., Imano, H., Ohira, T., Cui, R., Tanigawa, T., Sankai, T., Ishikawa, Y., et al. (2013) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.112.674812 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Coronary Artery Calcification in Japanese Men in Japan and Hawaii
Abbott, R. D., Ueshima, H., Rodríguez, B. L., Kadowaki, T., Masaki, K., Willcox, B. J., Sekikawa, A. M., Kuller, L. H., Edmundowicz, D., Shin, C., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm201 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationKadota, A., Miura, K., Okamura, T., Fujiyoshi, A., Ohkubo, T., Kadowaki, T., Takashima, N., Hisamatsu, T., Nakamura, Y., Kasagi, F., et al. (2013) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.17244 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationChoo, J., Ueshima, H., Curb, J. D., Shin, C., Evans, R. G., El‐Saed, A., Kadowaki, T., Okamura, T., Nakata, K., Otake, T., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28500 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationVery Large Database of Lipids: Rationale and Design
Martin, S. S., Blaha, M. J., Toth, P. P., Joshi, P. H., McEvoy, J. W., Ahmed, H. M., Elshazly, M. B., Swiger, K. J., Michos, E. D., Kwiterovich, P. O., et al. (2013) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22214 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Levels in Japan
Ueshima, H. (1982) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03320390047040 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationPrado, K. B., Shugg, S., & Backstrand, J. R. (2011) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.07.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lipid assessment, metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease risk
Arsenault, B. J., Després, J., Stroes, E. S. G., Wareham, N. J., Kastelein, J. J. P., Khaw, K., & Boekholdt, S. M. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02357.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sekikawa, A. M., Curb, J. D., Edmundowicz, D., Okamura, T., Choo, J., Fujiyoshi, A., Masaki, K., Miura, K., Kuller, L. H., Shin, C., et al. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20110138 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-Density Lipoprotein Levels Have Markedly Increased Over the Past Twenty Years in Japan
Yokoyama, S., Ueshima, H., Miida, T., Nakamura, M., Takata, K., Fukukawa, T., Goto, T., Harada‐Shiba, M., Sano, M., Kato, K., et al. (2013) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.20909 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in youth from Japan and the USA
Takei, H., Strong, J. P., Yutani, C., & Malcom, G. T. (2005) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.11.014 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sekikawa, A. M., Ueshima, H., Sutton‐Tyrrell, K., Kadowaki, T., El‐Saed, A., Okamura, T., Takamiya, T., Ueno, Y., Evans, R. W., Nakamura, Y., et al. (2008) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.08.022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 40 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Self-citationDu, T., Yuan, G., Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Sun, X., & Yu, X. (2014) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-014-0146-3 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Okamura, T., Tsukamoto, K., Arai, H., Fujioka, Y., Ishigaki, Y., Koba, S., Ohmura, H., Shoji, T., Yokote, K., Yoshida, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2022 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationUeshima, H., Kadowaki, T., Hisamatsu, T., Fujiyoshi, A., Miura, K., Ohkubo, T., Sekikawa, A. M., Kadota, A., Kadowaki, S., Nakamura, Y., et al. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.027 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationHisamatsu, T., Miura, K., Arima, H., Kadota, A., Kadowaki, S., Torii, S., Suzuki, S., Miyagawa, N., Satō, A., Yamazoe, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.116.003738 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationBeydoun, M. A., Beydoun, H. A., Dore, G. A., Kuczmarski, M. F., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Du, T., Sun, X., & Yu, X. (2017) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0621-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Association between Pulse Wave Velocity and Coronary Artery Calcification in Japanese men
Torii, S., Arima, H., Ohkubo, T., Fujiyoshi, A., Kadota, A., Takashima, N., Kadowaki, S., Hisamatsu, T., Saito, Y., Miyagawa, N., et al. (2015) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.30247 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationZeb, I., Jorgensen, N. W., Blumenthal, R. S., Burke, G. L., Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Blaha, M. J., Wong, N. D., Nasir, K., & Budoff, M. J. (2021) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.11.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Japan
Nojiri, S., & Daida, H. (2017) · Japanese Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1177/1179066017712713 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Abedi, F., Sadeghi, M., Omidkhoda, N., Kelesidis, T., Ramezani, J., Samadi, S., & Mohammadpour, A. H. (2023) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-023-01827-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zaid, M., Miura, K., Fujiyoshi, A., Abbott, R. D., Hisamatsu, T., Kadota, A., Arima, H., Kadowaki, S., Torii, S., Miyagawa, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.12.027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationHisamatsu, T., & Kinuta, M. (2023) · Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.rv22009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationOkamura, T., Miura, K., Sawamura, T., Kadota, A., Hisamatsu, T., Fujiyoshi, A., Miyamatsu, N., Takashima, N., Miyagawa, N., Kadowaki, T., et al. (2015) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.10.010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-reported Sleep Duration and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a General Population of Japanese Men
Suzuki, S., Arima, H., Miyazaki, S., Fujiyoshi, A., Kadota, A., Takashima, N., Hisamatsu, T., Kadowaki, S., Zaid, M., Torii, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.40527 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of Anthropometric and CT-Based Obesity Indices with Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Higo, Y., Hisamatsu, T., Nakagawa, Y., Sawayama, Y., Yano, Y., Kadota, A., Fujiyoshi, A., Kadowaki, S., Torii, S., Kondo, K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.64096 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationVu, T., Fujiyoshi, A., Hisamatsu, T., Kadota, A., Zaid, M., Segawa, H., Kondo, K., Torii, S., Nakagawa, Y., Suzuki, T., et al. (2021) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-20-1090 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSatoh, A., Arima, H., Hozawa, A., Ohkubo, T., Hisamatsu, T., Kadowaki, S., Kadota, A., Fujiyoshi, A., Miyagawa, N., Zaid, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000002080 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTai, P. H. A. M., Fujiyoshi, A., Arima, H., Tanaka‐Mizuno, S., Hisamatsu, T., Kadowaki, S., Kadota, A., Zaid, M., Sekikawa, A. M., Yamamoto, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.42416 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, C., Li, M., Yan, G., Zhang, W., & Tang, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07469-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mondal, R. K., Kadota, A., Yano, Y., Kadowaki, S., Torii, S., Kondo, K., Harada, A., Kawashima, M., Miyazawa, I., Segawa, H., et al. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2025.101081 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationAbedi, F., Sadeghi, M., Omidkhoda, N., Kelesidis, T., Ramezani, J., Samadi, S., & Mohammadpour, A. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22790573
Abedi, F., Sadeghi, M., Omidkhoda, N., Kelesidis, T., Ramezani, J., Samadi, S., & Mohammadpour, A. H. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22790576
藤吉, 朗., 久松, 隆., 門田, 文., 瀬川, 裕., 近藤, 慶., 鳥居, さ., 中川, 義., 鈴木, 友., 浅井, 徹., 三浦, 克., et al. (n.d.) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hisamatsu, T., Fujiyoshi, A., Miura, K., Ohkubo, T., Kadota, A., Kadowaki, S., Kadowaki, T., Yamamoto, T., Miyagawa, N., Zaid, M., Torii, S., Takashima, N., Murakami, Y., Okamura, T., Horie, M., & Ueshima, H.
- Affiliations
- Shiga University of Medical Science (JP)
- Teikyo University (JP)
- Toho University (JP)
- Keio University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hisamatsu, Takashi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Atherosclerosis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 236
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-243
- ISSN
- 0021-9150 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2045078993
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Atherosclerosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (R01HL068200)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
- Keywords
- coronary artery calcification, LDL particle number, HDL particle number, LDL/HDL ratio, coronary artery disease, Japanese men, cardiovascular risk factors, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Calcinosis, Coronary Artery Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Japan, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Male, Middle Aged, Particle Size, Risk Factors, Smoking, Comorbidity, Odds Ratio, Multidetector Computed Tomography, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
