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Cited by 18Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsEarth Systems and Cosmic EvolutionOrigins and Evolution of Life

Three enzymes governed the rise of O2 on Earth

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Mrnjavac, Natalia, Degli Esposti, Mauro, Mizrahi, Itzhak, Martin, William F., Allen, John F.·2024·Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
DOI 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149495PMC PMC7616410
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Abstract

Current views of O2 accumulation in Earth history depict three phases: The onset of O2 production by ∼2.4 billion years ago; 2 billion years of stasis at ∼1 % of modern atmospheric levels; and a rising phase, starting about 500 million years ago, in which oxygen eventually reached modern values. Purely geochemical mechanisms have been proposed to account for this tripartite time course of Earth oxygenation. In particular the second phase, the long period of stasis between the advent of O2 and the late rise to modern levels, has posed a puzzle. Proposed solutions involve Earth processes (geochemical, ecosystem, day length). Here we suggest that Earth oxygenation was not determined by geochemical processes. Rather it resulted from emergent biological innovations associated with photosynthesis and the activity of only three enzymes: 1) The oxygen evolving complex of cyanobacteria that makes O2; 2) Nitrogenase, with its inhibition by O2 causing two billion years of oxygen level stasis; 3) Cellulose synthase of land plants, which caused mass deposition and burial of carbon, thus removing an oxygen sink and therefore increasing atmospheric O2. These three enzymes are endogenously produced by, and contained within, cells that have the capacity for exponential growth. The catalytic properties of these three enzymes paved the path of Earth's atmospheric oxygenation, requiring no help from Earth other than the provision of water, CO2, salts, colonizable habitats, and sunlight.

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  • Manganese is a critical nutrient for cyanobacteria, algae, and plants and is ultimately responsible for the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere.

    “Manganese is therefore a critical nutrient for cyanobacteria,99 algae, and plants and is ultimately responsible for the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere.100”

    From Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria (2025) · cites this paper as [100]

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Authors
Mrnjavac, N., Degli Esposti, M., Mizrahi, I., Martin, W. F., & Allen, J. F.
Affiliations
  • Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
  • Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
  • University College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Allen, John F.
ORCID
Venue
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-11
Volume
1865
Issue
4
Pages
149495
ISSN
0005-2728 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149495
PMC
PMC7616410
OpenAlex
W4400614585
Cited by
18
References
14
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2026: 4 · 2025: 14
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1.42
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journal article
Language
en
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Locations
  • Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Volkswagen Foundation (96742)
  • European Research Council (101018894)
  • Horizon 2020
  • German Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (2476/2-1, 1426/23-1)
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
Keywords
Great Oxidation, atmospheric oxygenation, oxygen accumulation, oxygen-evolving complex, cyanobacteria, nitrogenase, cellulose synthase, land plants, carbon burial, oxygen sink, photosynthesis, early Earth atmosphere
MeSH terms
Cyanobacteria, Atmosphere, Oxygen, Photosynthesis, Earth, Planet

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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