The transition to a sulphidic ocean ~1.84 billion years ago
Open accessAbstract
The Proterozoic aeon (2.5 to 0.54 billion years (Gyr) ago) marks the time between the largely anoxic world of the Archean (> 2.5 Gyr ago) and the dominantly oxic world of the Phanerozoic (< 0.54 Gyr ago). The course of ocean chemistry through the Proterozoic has traditionally been explained by progressive oxygenation of the deep ocean in response to an increase in atmospheric oxygen around 2.3 Gyr ago. This postulated rise in the oxygen content of the ocean is in turn thought to have led to the oxidation of dissolved iron, Fe(II), thus ending the deposition of banded iron formations (BIF) around 1.8 Gyr ago. An alternative interpretation suggests that the increasing atmospheric oxygen levels enhanced sulphide weathering on land and the flux of sulphate to the oceans. This increased rates of sulphate reduction, resulting in Fe(II) removal in the form of pyrite as the oceans became sulphidic. Here we investigate sediments from the approximately 1.8-Gyr-old Animikie group, Canada, which were deposited during the final stages of the main global period of BIF deposition. This allows us to evaluate the two competing hypotheses for the termination of BIF deposition. We use iron-sulphur-carbon (Fe-S-C) systematics to demonstrate continued ocean anoxia after the final global deposition of BIF and show that a transition to sulphidic bottom waters was ultimately responsible for the termination of BIF deposition. Sulphidic conditions may have persisted until a second major rise in oxygen between 0.8 to 0.58 Gyr ago, possibly reducing global rates of primary production and arresting the pace of algal evolution.
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Fe speciation in sediments reveals local seafloor paleoredox conditions-oxic, anoxic ferruginous, or euxinic.
“sedimentary Fe speciation analysis (Poulton and Canfield, 2005) serves as an indicator of local paleoredox conditions on the ocean floor (i.e., oxic; anoxic, ferruginous; or euxinic) (e.g., Poulton et al., 2004;Canfield et al., 2007;2008;Lyons et al., 2009;Reinhard et al., 2009;Poulton et al., 2010;Planavsky et al., 2011;Asael et al., 2013).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Poulton et al., 2004
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- Authors
- Poulton, S. W., Fralick, P. W., & Canfield, D. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Lakehead University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Poulton, Simon W.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 431
- Issue
- 7005
- Pages
- 173-177
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2057100418
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 16.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- banded iron formations, ocean anoxia, atmospheric oxygenation, sulfate reduction, pyrite, Neoproterozoic
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, Canada, Carbon, Iron, Oceans and Seas, Oxygen, Seawater, Sulfides, Time Factors, Geologic Sediments, Eukaryota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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