A record of deep-ocean dissolved O2 from the oxidation state of iron in submarine basalts

Stolper, Daniel A.; Keller, C. Brenhin

doi:10.1038/nature25009

Cited by 174Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsGeochemistry and Elemental AnalysisGeological and Geochemical Analysis

A record of deep-ocean dissolved O2 from the oxidation state of iron in submarine basalts

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Stolper, Daniel A., Keller, C. Brenhin·2018·Nature

DOI 10.1038/nature25009

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Abstract

The oxygenation of the deep ocean in the geological past has been associated with a rise in the partial pressure of atmospheric molecular oxygen (O 2) to near-present levels and the emergence of modern marine biogeochemical cycles. It has also been linked to the origination and diversification of early animals. It is generally thought that the deep ocean was largely anoxic from about 2,500 to 800 million years ago, with estimates of the occurrence of deep-ocean oxygenation and the linked increase in the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen to levels sufficient for this oxygenation ranging from about 800 to 400 million years ago. Deep-ocean dissolved oxygen concentrations over this interval are typically estimated using geochemical signatures preserved in ancient continental shelf or slope sediments, which only indirectly reflect the geochemical state of the deep ocean. Here we present a record that more directly reflects deep-ocean oxygen concentrations, based on the ratio of Fe 3+ to total Fe in hydrothermally altered basalts formed in ocean basins. Our data allow for quantitative estimates of deep-ocean dissolved oxygen concentrations from 3.5 billion years ago to 14 million years ago and suggest that deep-ocean oxygenation occurred in the Phanerozoic (541 million years ago to the present) and potentially not until the late Palaeozoic (less than 420 million years ago).

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Biospheric O2 must have risen to something like modern levels much later, particularly in the deep ocean, and pulsed oxygenation in an ocean that was still mostly anoxic may have continued even into the Paleozoic.
“The natural corollary in this discussion is that biospheric O2 must have risen to something like modern levels much later (Dahl et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2018), particularly in the deep ocean (Stolper and Keller, 2018), and that pulsed oxygenation in an ocean that was still mostly anoxic may have continued even into the Paleozoic.”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Stolper and Keller, 2018
Deep-ocean [O2] reconstructed from the iron redox chemistry of extrusive, subaqueous volcanic rocks is consistent with low-oxygen conditions, though this record also allows for pervasive deep-ocean anoxia.
“Evidence for low-oxygen conditions is consistent with deep-ocean [O 2 ] reconstructed from the iron redox chemistry of extrusive, subaqueous volcanic rocks, though this record also allows for pervasive deep-ocean anoxia (Stolper & Keller 2018), and the eruption depths of these rocks are not always well constrained.”
From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Stolper & Keller 2018
There is a striking coincidence between the emergence of deep rooting systems during the Silurian-Devonian transition (∼410-390 Mya) and an increase in the proportion of marine sedimentary rock samples deposited under oxygenated waters.
“In particular, there is a striking coincidence between the emergence of deep rooting systems during the Silurian-Devonian transition (∼410-390 Mya) and an increase in the proportion of marine sedimentary rock samples deposited under oxygenated waters (Dahl et al. 2010, Sperling et al. 2015, Stolper & Keller 2018).”
From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Stolper & Keller 2018

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“…is that biospheric O2 must have risen to something like modern levels much later (Dahl et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2018), particularly in the deep ocean (Stolper and Keller, 2018), and that pulsed oxygenation in an ocean that was still mostly anoxic may have continued even into the Paleozoic.”
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Self-citation
Availability of free oxygen in deep bottom water of some Archean-Early Paleoproterozoic ocean basins as derived from iron formation facies analyses
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Atmospheric Oxygen Abundance, Marine Nutrient Availability, and Organic Carbon Fluxes to the Seafloor
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Authors: Stolper, D. A., & Keller, C. B.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Berkeley Geochronology Center (US)
ORCID: Stolper, Daniel A.
Keller, C. Brenhin
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-01
Volume: 553
Issue: 7688
Pages: 323-327
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature25009
OpenAlex: W2782454560
Cited by: 173
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14
FWCI: 14.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.osti.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Keywords: dissolved oxygen, iron oxidation state, submarine basalts, atmospheric oxygen rise, Phanerozoic, Archean, marine biogeochemical cycles, ocean anoxia, oxygen isotopes, redox-sensitive elements, early animal diversification, ocean redox state
MeSH terms: Animals, Iron, Oceans and Seas, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen, Seawater, Silicates, Geologic Sediments, History, Ancient

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A record of deep-ocean dissolved O2 from the oxidation state of iron in submarine basalts

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