The DOI matches its Crossref record; 215 of the 215 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barrier
Abstract
The major function of the skin is to form a barrier between the internal milieu and the hostile external environment. A permeability barrier that prevents the loss of water and electrolytes is essential for life on land. The permeability barrier is mediated primarily by lipid enriched lamellar membranes that are localized to the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. These lipid enriched membranes have a unique structure and contain approximately 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol, and 15% free fatty acids with very little phospholipid. Lamellar bodies, which are formed during the differentiation of keratinocytes, play a key role in delivering the lipids from the stratum granulosum cells into the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. Lamellar bodies contain predominantly glucosylceramides, phospholipids, and cholesterol and following the exocytosis of lamellar lipids into the extracellular space of the stratum corneum these precursor lipids are converted by beta glucocerebrosidase and phospholipases into the ceramides and fatty acids, which comprise the lamellar membranes. The lipids required for lamellar body formation are derived from de novo synthesis by keratinocytes and from extra-cutaneous sources. The lipid synthetic pathways and the regulation of these pathways are described in this review. In addition, the pathways for the uptake of extra-cutaneous lipids into keratinocytes are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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In the citing paper
“Many skin problems, including excessive exfoliation of the epidermis, are also caused by a deficiency of GLA, which is formed from LA via an enzymatic reaction involving delta-6 desaturase [153,154,158,159].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“EFAs also play an important role in skin structure and function.”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“The symptoms of fatty acid deficiency include dryness of the epidermis, peeling, flabby skin, skin inflammation, an increased susceptibility to irritation and slower healing.”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“Owing to unsaturated fatty acids, which, alongside ceramides and cholesterol, are components of the intracellular cement, the skin can act as an effective barrier limiting TEWL, thus ensuring adequate hydration and protecting against external factors [153,154,156].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“A deficiency of LA, a component of ceramide 1, which plays an important role in the cohesiveness of the intracellular cement, results in the dysfunction of the skin barrier and symptoms of dry skin.”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
Citations
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Cited by
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Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review
Michalak, M., Pierzak, M., Kręcisz, B., & Suliga, E. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010203 · Cited by 345
Lipid abnormalities in atopic skin are driven by type 2 cytokines
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Fernandes, A., Rodrigues, P. M., Pintado, M., & Tavaria, F. K. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154824 · Cited by 264
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Goleva, E., Berdyshev, E., & Leung, D. Y. M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci124608 · Cited by 251
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Self-citationMultifaceted pathways protect human skin from UV radiation
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Metadata
- Authors
- Feingold, K. R., & Elias, P. M.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Feingold, Kenneth R.
- ORCID
- Elias, Peter M.
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 1841
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 280-294
- ISSN
- 1388-1981 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2123766496
- Cited by
- 383
- References
- 215
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Surface Properties and Treatments
- Keywords
- skin permeability barrier, stratum corneum, lamellar membranes, ceramide, cholesterol, free fatty acids, lamellar bodies, keratinocyte differentiation, glucosylceramide, beta-glucocerebrosidase, phospholipase, lipogenesis, epidermal lipids
- MeSH terms
- Epidermal Cells, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Epidermis, Humans, Lipids, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Keratinocytes, Lipid Metabolism
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