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Cited by 69Stress Responses and CortisolAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesImmune Response and Inflammation

Concepts of evolutionary medicine and energy regulation contribute to the etiology of systemic chronic inflammatory diseases

Straub, Rainer H.·2011·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
DOI 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.002
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Abstract

The etiology of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) is usually based on four criteria: (1) genetic susceptibility, (2) complex environmental priming, (3) exaggerated and continuous immune response against harmless self or foreign antigen, and (4) tissue destruction with a continuous wound response without proper healing but with a fibrotic scarring response. These elements do not include the systemic components of CIDs. Due to improved health care with excellent therapies in CIDs, it becomes more and more clear that many systemic responses need to be future targets of therapies. It is suggested that "the systemic response" should be added to the four etiologic criteria that constitute the full picture of CIDs. As shown in the present review, the systemic response becomes comprehensible in the context of evolutionary medicine and energy regulation. Next to the brain and muscles, the immune system is the third major energy consumer in the body. In the context of long-term activation of the immune system during CIDs, the subsequent stimulation of systemic neuroendocrine pathways is necessary to re-allocate energy-rich fuels to the activated immune system. However, re-allocation of energy-rich fuels is the basis of systemic disease sequelae of CIDs, one of which is the metabolic syndrome. It is suggested that Selye's alarm reaction of the 1930s, which is necessary to re-allocate energy-rich fuels to the body, should be called "energy appeal reaction". In CIDs, a continuous energy appeal reaction triggers systemic detrimental consequences for the rest of the body.

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  • The "systemic response" can be added to the list of classical etiologic factors of chronic inflammatory diseases and can be disease perpetuating.

    “Thus, one can add the “systemic response” to the list of classical etiologic factors of chronic inflammatory diseases (Table 5) [10]. The “systemic response” in itself can be disease perpetuating.”

    From Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in pathophysiology (2012) · cites this paper as [10]

  • Typical disease-related sequelae that are very common in chronic inflammatory diseases have been linked to transient inflammatory episodes, where they support the transiently activated immune system and tissue inflammation.

    “On the basis of these considerations, typical disease-related sequelae that are very common in chronic inflammatory diseases have been linked to transient inflammatory episodes [9, 10]. Here, these sequelae have an important function in supporting the transiently activated immune system and tissue inflammation (Table 4).”

    From Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in pathophysiology (2012) · cites this paper as [10]

  • Genes responsible for energy regulation have been positively selected under conditions without chronic inflammation.

    “It has been hypothesized that genes responsible for energy regulation have been positively selected under conditions without chronic inflammation [8, 10].”

    From Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in pathophysiology (2012) · cites this paper as [10]

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Authors
Straub, R. H.
Affiliations
University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
Corresponding author
Straub, Rainer H.
ORCID
Straub, Rainer H.
Venue
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-01
Volume
25
Issue
1
Pages
1-5
ISSN
0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.002
OpenAlex
W2055407923
Cited by
69
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
FWCI
2.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords
chronic inflammatory diseases, evolutionary medicine, energy regulation, systemic response, neuroendocrine pathways, energy reallocation, metabolic syndrome, etiology, fibrosis, wound healing
MeSH terms
Animals, Chronic Disease, Competitive Behavior, Energy Metabolism, Biological Evolution, Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Reproduction

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