Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context

Ruiz-Núñez, Begoña; Pruimboom, Leo; Dijck-Brouwer, D.A. Janneke; Muskiet, Frits A.J.

doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.009

Cited by 246Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesNutritional Studies and DietFatty Acid Research and Health

Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context

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Ruiz-Núñez, Begoña, Pruimboom, Leo, Dijck-Brouwer, D.A. Janneke, Muskiet, Frits A.J.·2013·The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.009

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Abstract

In this review, we focus on lifestyle changes, especially dietary habits, that are at the basis of chronic systemic low grade inflammation, insulin resistance and Western diseases. Our sensitivity to develop insulin resistance traces back to our rapid brain growth in the past 2.5 million years. An inflammatory reaction jeopardizes the high glucose needs of our brain, causing various adaptations, including insulin resistance, functional reallocation of energy-rich nutrients and changing serum lipoprotein composition. The latter aims at redistribution of lipids, modulation of the immune reaction, and active inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport for damage repair. With the advent of the agricultural and industrial revolutions, we have introduced numerous false inflammatory triggers in our lifestyle, driving us to a state of chronic systemic low grade inflammation that eventually leads to typically Western diseases via an evolutionary conserved interaction between our immune system and metabolism. The underlying triggers are an abnormal dietary composition and microbial flora, insufficient physical activity and sleep, chronic stress and environmental pollution. The disturbance of our inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance is illustrated by dietary fatty acids and antioxidants. The current decrease in years without chronic disease is rather due to "nurture" than "nature," since less than 5% of the typically Western diseases are primary attributable to genetic factors. Resolution of the conflict between environment and our ancient genome might be the only effective manner for "healthy aging," and to achieve this we might have to return to the lifestyle of the Paleolithic era as translated to the 21st century culture.

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Chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI) is becoming widely accepted as a common basis for many diseases of civilization.
“Chronic LGI is becoming widely accepted as a common basis for many diseases of civilization (Ruiz-Núñez et al., 2013; Table 1).”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as Ruiz-Núñez et al., 2013

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Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization Quotient, Best Predicts Cognitive Ability across Non-Human Primates
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“Among the primates, EQ does not correlate with intelligence [33].”
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Thyroid Function Is Associated with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Euthyroid Subjects
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Nutrients and phytochemicals: from bioavailability to bioefficacy beyond antioxidants
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Sleep loss and inflammation
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THE INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROME: Definition and Dietary Approaches to Treatment
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Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Evolution on the Primitive Earth: Both secular accretion and biological and geochemical processes have affected earth's volatile envelope.
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The differential miscibility of lipids as the basis for the formation of functional membrane rafts
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Anti-Inflammatory and Proresolving Lipid Mediators
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Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests in humans and animals
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Fruit and vegetable consumption and its relation to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adolescents
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“, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite anion, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical), with substantial evidence upholding the contention that: a diet rich in natural antioxidants supports health [104,246], is associated with lower oxidative stress and inflammation [77,103,140], and is therefore associated with lower risk o…”
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The Effect of Oxygen on Biochemical Networks and the Evolution of Complex Life
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Saturated Fatty Acid Activates but Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Inhibits Toll-like Receptor 2 Dimerized with Toll-like Receptor 6 or 1
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Dyslipidemia and inflammation: an evolutionary conserved mechanism
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Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study
Barberger‐Gateau, P. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7370.932 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Sleep Loss Activates Cellular Inflammatory Signaling
Irwin, M. R., Wang, M., Ribeiro, D., Cho, H. J., Olmstead, R., Breen, E. C., Martinez-Maza, O., & Cole, S. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.004 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Antioxidants and disease: More questions than answers
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PPARγ as a new therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel diseases
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The Antioxidants and Pro-Antioxidants Network: An Overview
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Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update
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Effects of Dietary Composition on Energy Expenditure During Weight-Loss Maintenance
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Endogenous pro‐resolving and anti‐inflammatory lipid mediators: a new pharmacologic genus
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Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) in Clinical Trials in Depression
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Atherosclerosis: evidence for impairment of resolution of vascular inflammation governed by specific lipid mediators
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Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage
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Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term
Jasani, B., Simmer, K. N., Patole, S., & Rao, S. C. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000376.pub4 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane
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Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease—fishing for a natural treatment
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Carbohydrate Restriction has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet
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Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low‐carbohydrate vs. low‐fat/low‐calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities
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Role for mitochondrial oxidants as regulators of cellular metabolism
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Energy regulation and neuroendocrine–immune control in chronic inflammatory diseases
Straub, R. H., Cutolo, M., Buttgereit, F., & Pongratz, G. (2010) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02218.x · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Resolvins and protectins in the termination program of acute inflammation
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Consumption of (n-3) Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Activation in Women
López‐García, E., Schulze, M. B., Manson, J. E., Meigs, J. B., Albert, C. M., Rifai, N., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.7.1806 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids and metabolic syndrome: Effects and emerging mechanisms of action
Poudyal, H., Panchal, S. K., Diwan, V., & Brown, L. (2011) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2011.06.003 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
TCF7L2 is reproducibly associated with type 2 diabetes in various ethnic groups: a global meta-analysis
Cauchi, S., Achhab, Y. E., Choquet, H., Christian Dina, C., Krempler, F., Weitgasser, R., Nejjari, C., Patsch, W., Chikri, M., Meyre, D., et al. (2007) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-007-0203-4 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation
Forsythe, C. E., Phinney, S. D., Fernandez, M. L., Quann, E. E., Wood, R. J., Bibus, D. M., Kraemer, W. J., Feinman, R. D., & Volek, J. S. (2008) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-007-3132-7 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Novel Lipid Mediators Promote Resolution of Acute Inflammation
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Lipoprotein metabolism in patients with severe sepsis
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Emerging roles of resolvins in the resolution of inflammation and pain
Ji, R., Xu, Z., Strichartz, G. R., & Serhan, C. N. (2011) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.08.005 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Scaling of Brain Metabolism with a Fixed Energy Budget per Neuron: Implications for Neuronal Activity, Plasticity and Evolution
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Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants
Moon, K., Rao, S. C., Schulzke, S. M., Patole, S., & Simmer, K. N. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000375.pub5 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Antioxidants in Foods: State of the Science Important to the Food Industry
Finley, J. W., Kong, A. T., Hintze, K. J., Jeffery, E. H., Ji, L. L., & Lei, X. G. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf2013875 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Benefit–risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation
Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Shao, A., Dawson‐Hughes, B., Hathcock, J. N., Giovannucci, E. L., & Willett, W. C. (2009) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-009-1119-3 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Fatty acid transport across the cell membrane: Regulation by fatty acid transporters
Schwenk, R. W., Holloway, G. P., Luiken, J. J. F. P., Bonen, A., & Glatz, J. F. C. (2010) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.029 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Fish, docosahexaenoic acid and Alzheimer’s disease
Cunnane, S. C., Plourde, M., Pifferi, F., Bégin, M. E., Féart, C., & Barberger‐Gateau, P. (2009) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2009.04.001 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Vitamin K and vitamin D status: associations with inflammatory markers in the Framingham Offspring Study
Shea, M. K., Booth, S. L., Massaro, J. M., Jacques, P. F., D'Agostino, R. B., Dawson-Hughes, B., Ordovas, J. M., O'Donnell, C. J., Kathiresan, S., Keaney, J. F., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm306 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Antioxidant Supplementation during Exercise Training: Beneficial or Detrimental?
Peternelj, T.-T., & Coombes, J. S. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11594400-000000000-00000 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in plants
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Stress, Food, and Inflammation: Psychoneuroimmunology and Nutrition at the Cutting Edge
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“disease [199] and, more generally, impaired quality of life both in the elderly [200,201] and younger [202] populations.”
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Regulation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 by redox changes
Meyer, M., Pahl, H. L., & Baeuerle, P. A. (1994) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/0009-2797(94)90029-9 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early African Homo sapiens
Broadhurst, C. L., Wang, Y., Crawford, M. A., Cunnane, S. C., Parkington, J. E., & Schmidt, W. (2002) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00002-7 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Europe
Sanders, T. A. B. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.176s · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Role of redox-regulated transcription factors in inflammation, aging and age-related diseases
Lavrovsky, Y. (2000) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00118-2 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2007-2010 : Diet of children and adults aged 7 to 69 years
van Rossum, C. T. M., Hp, F., Verkaik-Kloosterman, J., Ejm, B.-R., & Mc, O. (2011) · Rivm Repository (Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Review Paleolithic nutrition revisited: A twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications
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The Placenta Cytokine Network and Inflammatory Signals
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Oxidative Stress, Chromatin Remodeling and Gene Transcription in Inflammation and Chronic Lung Diseases
Rahman, I. (2003) · BMB Reports · doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2003.36.1.095 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Are vitamin and mineral deficiencies a major cancer risk?
Ames, B. N., & Wakimoto, P. (2002) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc886 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Dietary carbohydrate restriction induces a unique metabolic state positively affecting atherogenic dyslipidemia, fatty acid partitioning, and metabolic syndrome
Volek, J. S., Fernandez, M. L., Feinman, R. D., & Phinney, S. D. (2008) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2008.02.003 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Coordinated scaling of cortical and cerebellar numbers of neurons
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Beta‐carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials
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Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet
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Dietary α-linolenic acid and health-related outcomes: a metabolic perspective
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Stress as a neuroinflammatory condition in brain: Damaging and protective mechanisms
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Cereal Grains: Humanity�s Double-Edged Sword
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Metabolic correlates of hominid brain evolution
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n-6 Fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
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Intake of Added Sugars and Selected Nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003—2006
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Omega 3 fatty acids on child growth, visual acuity and neurodevelopment
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Modulation of Inflammatory Genes by Natural Dietary Bioactive Compounds
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Magnesium Intake in Relation to Systemic Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and the Incidence of Diabetes
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Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations are negatively correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in healthy women
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Cardioprotection
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Evolution of dietary antioxidants
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Conversion of linoleic acid and alpha‐linolenic acid to long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), with a focus on pregnancy, lactation and the first 2 years of life
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Essential fatty acids and their metabolites could function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase and ACE enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cardioprotective molecules
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Authors: Ruiz-Núñez, B., Pruimboom, L., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. J., & Muskiet, F. A. J.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
University of Graz (AT)
Corresponding author: Muskiet, Frits A.J.
ORCID: Ruiz-Núñez, Begoña
Pruimboom, Leo
Muskiet, Frits A.J.
Venue: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-07
Volume: 24
Issue: 7
Pages: 1183-1201
ISSN: 0955-2863 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.009
OpenAlex: W1994348637
Cited by: 246
References: 350
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 7
FWCI: 2.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ (vor, 15 d)
Locations: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Keywords: low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, Western diseases, dietary habits, evolutionary medicine, brain glucose metabolism, serum lipoproteins, reverse cholesterol transport, gut microbiota, physical inactivity, sleep, chronic stress, environmental pollution, dietary fatty acids, antioxidants, Paleolithic diet, healthy aging, genetic susceptibility to disease
MeSH terms: Brain, Glucose, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Nutritional Status

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Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context

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