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A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Recent insights into the role of the human microbiota in cognitive and affective functioning have led to the hypothesis that probiotic supplementation may act as an adjuvant strategy to ameliorate or prevent depression. OBJECTIVE: Heightened cognitive reactivity to normal, transient changes in sad mood is an established marker of vulnerability to depression and is considered an important target for interventions. The present study aimed to test if a multispecies probiotic containing Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, and Lactococcus lactis (W19 and W58) may reduce cognitive reactivity in non-depressed individuals. DESIGN: In a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pre- and post-intervention assessment design, 20 healthy participants without current mood disorder received a 4-week probiotic food-supplement intervention with the multispecies probiotics, while 20 control participants received an inert placebo for the same period. In the pre- and post-intervention assessment, cognitive reactivity to sad mood was assessed using the revised Leiden index of depression sensitivity scale. RESULTS: Compared to participants who received the placebo intervention, participants who received the 4-week multispecies probiotics intervention showed a significantly reduced overall cognitive reactivity to sad mood, which was largely accounted for by reduced rumination and aggressive thoughts. CONCLUSION: These results provide the first evidence that the intake of probiotics may help reduce negative thoughts associated with sad mood. Probiotics supplementation warrants further research as a potential preventive strategy for depression.
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“Several studies in healthy participants have demonstrated reduced stress-induced cortisol levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines, along with improved cognitive test performance, perceptions of stress, anxiety, and mood (465–469).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [468]
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“Various Lactobacillus strains, or Lactobacillus-containing supplements, have been shown to reduce depressive-like behaviour in rodents [1, 13, 23, 44, 45] and improve measures of depression in humans [3, 5, 39, 76].”
From Distinct actions of the fermented beverage kefir on host behaviour, immunity and microbiome gut-brain modules in the mouse (2020) · cites this paper as [76]
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The Muscle‐Gut‐Brain Axis and Psychiatric Illness
Scriven, M., McSweeney, A., O'Carroll, T., Mörkl, S., & Butler, M. (2023) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202200214 · Cited by 8
Adıgüzel, E., Yılmaz, Ş. G., Atabılen, B., & Şeref, B. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115595 · Cited by 7
Hunjan, G., Shah, S. S., Kosey, S., & Aran, K. R. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-02938-8 · Cited by 7
Effect of acetate supplementation on traumatic stress-induced behavioral impairments in male rats
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The gut microbiome and psycho-cognitive traits
Vernice, N. A., Shah, N. B., Lam, E. H., Herd, P., Reiss, A. B., & Kasselman, L. J. (2020) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.014 · Cited by 7
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Recent advances in low-level laser therapy on depression
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Psychobiotics: bacterial hope for depression?
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Current and future uses of probiotics
Tanner, G., Matthews, K., Roeder, H. J., Konopasek, M., Bussard, A., & Gregory, T. (2018) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01.jaa.0000532117.21250.0f · Cited by 7
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Gut–brain–immune axis implications for mental health and disease
Nasiri, H., Valedkarimi, Z., & Akbari, M. (2025) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-025-05325-9 · Cited by 7
“The results of the study imply that psychobiotics might have prophylactic effects in lowering vulnerability to depression [207].”
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“In the pre-and post-intervention assessment, cognitive reactivity to sad mood was assessed using the revised Leiden index of depression sensitivity scale [96].”
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“Meta-analyses confirm that probiotic supplementation significantly reduces depressive symptoms across diverse populations [158,159], with enhanced benefits observed in individuals under 60 years old [160].”
Gut Microbiota: a Perspective for Postpartum Depression
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Economic Holobiont: Influence of Parasites, Microbiota and Chemosignals on Economic Behavior
Houdek, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00077 · Cited by 5
“, 2011) and reduce cognitive reactivity to sad mood by reducing aggressive thoughts (Steenbergen et al., 2015).”
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Psychobiotics: The Potential Therapeutic Promise of Microbes in Psychiatry
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“연구에서는 장내 유익균으로 알려진 Lactobacillus을 비롯한 여러 유산균을 장기간 섭취하였을 경우, 대조군에 비해 우울증과 분노 의 정도가 상당수 줄어들었다.(37,38)”
Probiyotik ve Prebiyotiklerin Bağırsak-Beyin Aksına Etkisi
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Unraveling Alzheimer’s: Exploring the Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis as a New Frontier in Understanding
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Regulation of Vaginal Microbiome by Nitric Oxide
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Neurological disorders associated with impaired gut microbiota
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Designer Probiotics in Metabolic Disorders
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Consequences of Gut Dysbiosis on the Human Brain
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Probiotic treatment causes sex-specific neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury in micePreprint
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Association between brain-gut peptides and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Metadata
- Authors
- Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., van Hemert, S., Bosch, J. A., & Colzato, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Steenbergen, Laura
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 48
- Pages
- 258-264
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978433534
- Cited by
- 671
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 15
- FWCI
- 84.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (452-12-001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- multispecies probiotics, depression vulnerability, rumination, aggressive thoughts, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus lactis, gut microbiota, depression prevention, probiotic supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Bifidobacterium, Cognition, Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Male, Social Behavior, Dietary Supplements, Probiotics, Young Adult
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