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A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Recent insights into the role of the human microbiota in cognitive and affective functioning have led to the hypothesis that probiotic supplementation may act as an adjuvant strategy to ameliorate or prevent depression. OBJECTIVE: Heightened cognitive reactivity to normal, transient changes in sad mood is an established marker of vulnerability to depression and is considered an important target for interventions. The present study aimed to test if a multispecies probiotic containing Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, and Lactococcus lactis (W19 and W58) may reduce cognitive reactivity in non-depressed individuals. DESIGN: In a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pre- and post-intervention assessment design, 20 healthy participants without current mood disorder received a 4-week probiotic food-supplement intervention with the multispecies probiotics, while 20 control participants received an inert placebo for the same period. In the pre- and post-intervention assessment, cognitive reactivity to sad mood was assessed using the revised Leiden index of depression sensitivity scale. RESULTS: Compared to participants who received the placebo intervention, participants who received the 4-week multispecies probiotics intervention showed a significantly reduced overall cognitive reactivity to sad mood, which was largely accounted for by reduced rumination and aggressive thoughts. CONCLUSION: These results provide the first evidence that the intake of probiotics may help reduce negative thoughts associated with sad mood. Probiotics supplementation warrants further research as a potential preventive strategy for depression.
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“Several studies in healthy participants have demonstrated reduced stress-induced cortisol levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines, along with improved cognitive test performance, perceptions of stress, anxiety, and mood (465–469).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [468]
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“Various Lactobacillus strains, or Lactobacillus-containing supplements, have been shown to reduce depressive-like behaviour in rodents [1, 13, 23, 44, 45] and improve measures of depression in humans [3, 5, 39, 76].”
From Distinct actions of the fermented beverage kefir on host behaviour, immunity and microbiome gut-brain modules in the mouse (2020) · cites this paper as [76]
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MethodThe Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis and the Consequences of Infection and Dysbiosis
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BackgroundMethodCan bugs be an alternative or adjuvant to drugs in schizophrenia?
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ResultThe Role of Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis and Fecal Transplantation in Various Neurocognitive Disorders
Castro-Vidal, Z. A., Mathew, F., Ibrahim, A. A., Shubhangi, F., Cherian, R., Choi, H. K., Begum, A., Ravula, H. K., & Giri, H. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.72451 · Cited by 2
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“Conversely, digital games could also help lessen spatial anxiety in some individuals by offering an environment for practicing spatial tasks (e.g. Steenbergen et al. 2015; Tychsen and Canossa 2008).”
Legalomics: why microbiology matters to the promotion of just societies
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Efficacy of probiotic intervention in unmedicated depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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The gut is guilty! Will legalomics transform forensic and legal psychology?
Mishra, P., Prescott, S. L., & Logan, A. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1739593 · Cited by 2
Almarzooqi, S., Yassin, L. K., AlNuaimi, F., Alketbi, S., Skrabulyte-Barbulescu, J., AlAhbabi, N., Alremeithi, D., Almarashda, R., Almazrouei, S., Shehab, S., et al. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04305-x · Cited by 1
“Prebiotic supplementation with trans-galacto-oligosaccharides has also been associated with improvements in anxiety scores in individuals with IBS [167], and other studies in healthy participants report modest mood improvements following probiotic consumption [168].”
Can a Bug in the Gut Act Like a Drug in the Brain?
Howland, R. H. (2015) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20150923-01 · Cited by 1
Emotions Related to Bodily Organs/Parts
Flaskerud, J. H. (2016) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1094838 · Cited by 1
“The investigators found that a four-week multispecies probiotic intervention reduced self-reported cognitive reactivity to sad mood, as indexed by the Leiden scale (Steenbergen et al., 2015).”
MethodResultInfluentialLes psychobiotiques contre le stress
Lecerf, J. (2018) · Pratiques en nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.pranut.2018.03.007 · Cited by 1
Santis, H. R. P., Molina, R. A. P., & Franco, L. F. L. (2020) · Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú · doi:10.15381/rivep.v31i2.17935 · Cited by 1
“Key words: water quality; probiotic; productivity; animal health INTRODUCCIÓN Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos que, al administrarse en cantidades apropiadas, confieren un beneficio para la salud del huésped (FAO, 2006; Steenbergen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBongiorno, P. B. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00142-4 · Cited by 1
Deif, R., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2022) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9205-5_5 · Cited by 2
Günüç, S., & Şendemir, A. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1034963 · Cited by 1
Psicobióticos e suas influências nos tratamentos de depressão e ansiedade
Barbosa, G. D. A., & Neto, J. M. W. D. (2021) · Nutrivisa Revista de Nutrição e Vigilância em Saúde · doi:10.59171/nutrivisa-2021v8e9633 · Cited by 1
Microbial Technology for Neurological Disorders
Dasgupta, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2816-3_10 · Cited by 1
Ghasvarian, M., Mahboobi, S., Sadeghi, R., Ghaem, H., Hedayati, A., Alipour, S., Valisoltani, N., Harsini, A. R., & Eftekhari, M. H. (2023) · Current Functional Foods · doi:10.2174/0126668629257875230920091340 · Cited by 1
Foster, J. A., & Clarke, G. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814800-6.00001-7 · Cited by 2
Foster, J. A., & Clarke, G. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814800-6.00008-x · Cited by 1
Schoenthaler, S. J., Prescott, S. L., & Logan, A. C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16071075 · Cited by 1
“In addition, human intervention studies suggest that targeting the gut microbiome with beneficial microbes might lower aggressive thoughts [77] and impulsivity [78].”
BackgroundThe Use of D2 and Deuterated Water for the Introduction of a Label into 4-Aminobutanoic Acid
Shevchenko, V. P., Shevchenko, K. V., Андреева, Л. А., Nagaev, I. Y., & Myasoedov, N. F. (2024) · Radiochemistry · doi:10.1134/s1066362224010132 · Cited by 1
Prebiotic effects of commercial apple juice in high-fat diet fed rat
Kon, R., Ikarashi, N., Ohkuma, M., Toyonaga, M., Tomimoto, R., Sakai, H., Hosoe, T., & Kamei, J. (2024) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-024-06907-4 · Cited by 1
“…, which has been reported to be involved in metabolic diseases [11, 12], and the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium , which are useful gut microbiota that are used as probiotics [13–15], and analyzed the health effects of apple juice based on changes in the abundance of these genera.”
BackgroundTang, J., Li, R., Jiang, T., Lv, J., Jiang, Y., Zhou, X., Chen, H., Li, M., Wu, A., Yu, B., et al. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12122414 · Cited by 1
Rajabi, M., Kulehmarzi, M. J. B., & Dastnaee, T. M. (2024) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba-147076 · Cited by 1
Limin, N. A., Aazmi, M. S., Hatta, S. N. N. F., Ithnin, H., Awang, N. M. Z., Magintan, D., & Yusof, N. N. M. (2025) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106771 · Cited by 1
Foster, J. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813333-0.00013-5 · Cited by 1
Empleo de prebióticos y probióticos en el manejo de la ansiedad
Cepeda-Vidal, V., Mondragón, A. D. C., Lamas, A., Miranda, J. M., & Cepeda, A. (2019) · Farmacéuticos Comunitarios · doi:10.5672/fc.2173-9218.(2019/vol11).002.05 · Cited by 3
Probióticos na redução de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão: uma revisão integrativa
Costa, B. C., Azevedo, G. S. D. S., Ferreira, P. H. A., & Almeida, L. M. R. (2020) · REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE · doi:10.21876/rcshci.v10i4.1014 · Cited by 2
Психобіотики як перспективні засоби для лікування психосоматичних ускладнень при укровому діабеті
Zinich, A. V., Korpachev, V. V., & Vv, K. (2021) · Endokrynologia · doi:10.31793/1680-1466.2021.26-2.152 · Cited by 1
Componentes alimenticios, estado de ánimo y su relación con el sistema inmune en COVID-19
Leticia, I. G., Aguila-Gutiérrez, S. E., Esquivias-López, K. M., la Cruz, V. A. P.-D., Silva-Arzola, N. J., & González‐Becerra, K. (2021) · RESPYN Revista de Salud Pública y Nutrición · doi:10.29105/respyn20.4-7 · Cited by 2
Probiotic Supplementation in Major Depressive Disorders
Shukla, R., Handa, M., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6760-2_7 · Cited by 1
Moore, R., Lating, J. M., & Everly, G. S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9098-6_22 · Cited by 1
Microbiota Intestinal e Sistema Nervoso Central: explorando o eixo cérebro e intestino
Silva, J. C. L., Campos, S. É. D., de Santana, M. L. C., Costa, A. D. S., & Francelino, J. O. (2022) · Revista Neurociências · doi:10.34024/rnc.2022.v30.12129 · Cited by 2
Early nutrition and its effect on the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders
Salvatore, S., & Vandenplas, Y. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824389-3.00006-4 · Cited by 1
Davey, S., Halberstadt, J. B., & Bell, E. M. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12959 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., van Hemert, S., Bosch, J. A., & Colzato, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Steenbergen, Laura
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 48
- Pages
- 258-264
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978433534
- Cited by
- 671
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 15
- FWCI
- 84.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (452-12-001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- multispecies probiotics, depression vulnerability, rumination, aggressive thoughts, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus lactis, gut microbiota, depression prevention, probiotic supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Bifidobacterium, Cognition, Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Male, Social Behavior, Dietary Supplements, Probiotics, Young Adult
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