Clinical anxiety, cortisol and interleukin-6: Evidence for specificity in emotion–biology relationships
Open accessAbstract
Anxiety confers increased risk for inflammatory diseases, and elevated inflammatory activity in anxious individuals may contribute to this increased risk. One complication, however, is that anxiety could be associated with inflammatory activity either through a specific anxiety pathway or through a more general negative emotionality pathway. To investigate, we measured levels of the stress hormone cortisol, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the systemic inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as depression and neuroticism, in clinically anxious and non-anxious adults. Compared with non-anxious participants, clinically anxious participants exhibited significantly lower levels of morning cortisol and significantly higher levels of IL-6, independent of age, sex, and depressive symptoms. These group differences were robust when controlling for neuroticism. Conversely, the groups had equivalent levels of CRP in all analyses. Results are indicative of anxiety-specific effects on inflammatory activity, and highlight a pathway by which anxiety may increase risk for inflammatory diseases.
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Some studies have failed to find an association between depression and inflammation.
“and some studies have failed to find an association between depression and inflammation.[7][8][9]”
There is wide variability in the levels of inflammation observed in depressed individuals.
“However, there is wide variability in the levels of inflammation observed in depressed individuals, and some studies have failed to find an association between depression and inflammation.[7][8][9]”
High levels of CRP and IL-6 are reported in individuals with anxiety disorders.
“High levels of CRP and IL-6 were also reported in individuals with anxiety disorders [6, 7].”
From Interleukin-6 Induced by Social Stress Promotes a Unique Transcriptional Signature in the Monocytes That Facilitate Anxiety (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- O’Donovan, A., Hughes, B. M., Slavich, G. M., Lynch, L., Cronin, M.-T., O’Farrelly, C., & Malone, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- St. Vincent's University Hospital (IE)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1074-1077
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4361085
- OpenAlex
- W2010803460
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- University of Galway Research Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin) (cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH019925)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- clinical anxiety, cortisol, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, inflammation, neuroticism, depression, inflammatory diseases, stress hormones, inflammatory cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, C-Reactive Protein, Depression, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Interleukin-6
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