Cytokines and the Brain: Implications for Clinical Psychiatry
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This article reviews recent developments in cytokine biology that are relevant to clinical psychiatry. METHOD: The authors reviewed English-language literature of the last 15 years that pertains to the biology of cytokines with emphasis on central nervous system effects in general and psychiatric disorders in particular. RESULTS: Growing evidence suggests that, in addition to providing communication between immune cells, specific cytokines play a role in signaling the brain to produce neurochemical, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and behavioral changes. This signaling may be part of a generalized, comprehensive mechanism to mobilize resources in the face of physical and/or psychological stress and to maintain homeostasis. The clinical implications of these findings are far-reaching and include a possible role for cytokines in the pathophysiology of specific psychiatric disorders such as major depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. The effects of cytokines in the central nervous system may provide a possible mechanism for the "sickness behavior" of patients with severe infection or cancer, as well as for the neuropsychiatric adverse effects of treatment with interferons and interleukins. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the role of cytokines in various brain activities will enhance knowledge of specific psychobiological mechanisms in health and disease and provide opportunities for novel treatment interventions.
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Proinflammatory cytokines include IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α; anti-inflammatory cytokines include IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, and TGF-β.
“Proinflammatory cytokines include IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Anti-inflammatory cytokines include IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, and TGF-β[4].”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Kronfol, Z., & Remick, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Michigan Medicine (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2000-05-01
- Volume
- 157
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 683-694
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2134144722
- Cited by
- 784
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 14.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- cytokines, neuroimmunology, central nervous system, mental illness, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, sickness behavior, interferon adverse effects, stress response, homeostasis, psychobiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Brain, Humans, Immunogenetics, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Neuroimmunomodulation, Cytokines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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