β2-Adrenergic receptor signaling mediates the preferential mobilization of differentiated subsets of CD8+ T-cells, NK-cells and non-classical monocytes in response to acute exercise in humans
Open accessAbstract
Acute exercise preferentially mobilizes cytotoxic T-cells, NK-cells and non-classical monocytes to the bloodstream under the influence of hemodynamic forces and/or β 2-adrenergic receptor (β 2-AR) signaling. However, the relative contribution of these mechanisms to the redeployment of the most exercise-responsive cell types is largely unknown. We determined the lymphocyte and monocyte subtypes mobilized to blood during exercise via β 2-AR signaling whilst controlling for β 1-AR mediated reductions in hemodynamic forces. In a randomized, double blind, complete cross-over design, 14 healthy cyclists exercised for 30-minutes at +10% of blood lactate threshold after ingesting: (1) a placebo, (2) a β 1-preferential antagonist (10 mg bisoprolol), or (2) a non-preferential β 1 + β 2-antagonist (80 mg nadolol) across three trials separated by >7-days. Bisoprolol was administered to reduce hemodynamic forces (heart rate and blood pressure) during exercise to levels comparable with nadolol but without blocking β 2-ARs. The mobilization of total NK-cells, terminally differentiated (CD57+) NK-cells, central memory, effector memory and CD45RA+ effector memory CD8+ T-cells; non-classical monocytes; and γδ T-cells were significantly blunted or abrogated under nadolol compared to both bisoprolol and placebo, indicating that the exercise-induced mobilization of these cell types to the blood is largely influenced by β 2-AR signaling. Nadolol failed to inhibit the mobilization of classical monocytes, CD4+ T-cells (and their subsets) or naïve CD8+ T-cells, indicating that these cell types are mobilized with exercise independently of the β 2-AR. We conclude that the preferential mobilization of NK-cells, non-classical monocytes and differentiated subsets of CD8+ T-cells with exercise is largely dependent on catecholamine signaling through the β 2-AR. These findings provide mechanistic insights by which distinct lymphocyte and monocyte subtypes are preferentially mobilized to protect the host from anticipated injury or infection in response to an acute stress response.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This rise depends on exercise-induced adrenergic activation and is tied to exercise intensity.
“This occurs as a function of exercise-induced adrenergic activation (8,59), linked to exercise intensity.”
Low-intensity ExTr can normalize vessels, but a higher dose may be needed to mobilize and redistribute immune cells.
“Although vessel normalization can be observed with low-intensity ExTr (7), a higher exercise dose may be required for mobilization and redistribution of immune cells (8,58,59).”
Epinephrine recruits immune cells into the circulation during exercise.
“besides meeting metabolic demands, epinephrine also recruits immune cells into the circulation during exercise [ 3 ]”
From IL-6 Activity is Required for Maximal Catecholamine Release During High-Intensity Exercise in Men (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
Acute exercise significantly increases the number of immune cells in circulation, with mobilization of many lymphocyte subsets directly dependent upon beta-adrenergic signaling mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine.
“Acute exercise significantly increases the number of immune cells in circulation, with the mobilization of many lymphocyte subsets directly dependent upon beta-adrenergic signaling, mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine [ 3 , 25 ]”
From IL-6 Activity is Required for Maximal Catecholamine Release During High-Intensity Exercise in Men (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
The overall reduction in circulating lymphocytes observed in the catecholamine-suppressed BLOCK group is consistent with previous findings demonstrating marked reductions in lymphocyte subpopulations during exercise under β-adrenergic blockade.
“The overall reduction in circulating lymphocytes observed in the catecholamine-suppressed BLOCK group is consistent with previous findings demonstrating marked reductions in lymphocyte subpopulations during exercise under β-adrenergic blockade [ 3 ].”
From IL-6 Activity is Required for Maximal Catecholamine Release During High-Intensity Exercise in Men (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions
Sallusto, F., Lenig, D., Förster, R., Lipp, M., & Lanzavecchia, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44385 · Cited by 5,846 · see citing works
Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales
Borg, G. A. V. (1998) · Cited by 3,366 · see citing works
Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales
Heath, E. M. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199809000-00018 · Cited by 3,049 · see citing works
Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections
Appay, V., Dunbar, P. R., Callan, M. F. C., Klenerman, P., Gillespie, G. M. A., Papagno, L., Ogg, G. S., King, A., Lechner, F., Spina, C. A., et al. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0402-379 · Cited by 1,556 · see citing works
Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise.
Walsh, N. P., Gleeson, M., Shephard, R. J., Gleeson, M., Woods, J. A., Bishop, N. C., Fleshner, M., Green, C., Pedersen, B. K., Hoffman-Goetz, L., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
Pedersen, L., Idorn, M., Olofsson, G. H., Lauenborg, B., Nookaew, I., Hansen, R. H., Johannesen, H. H., Becker, J. C., Pedersen, K. S., Dethlefsen, C., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.01.011 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Björkström, N. K., Riese, P., Heuts, F. W. H., Andersson, S., Fauriat, C., Ivarsson, M. A., Björklund, A. T., Flodström‐Tullberg, M., Michaëlsson, J., Rottenberg, M. E., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-04-281675 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Campbell, J. P., & Turner, J. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Bate, S. L., Dollard, S. C., & Cannon, M. J. (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/652438 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Prediction of functional aerobic capacity without exercise testing
Jackson, A. S., Blair, S. N., Mahar, M. T., Wier, L. T., Ross, R., & STUTEVILLE, J. E. (1990) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199012000-00021 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Exercise and the Regulation of Immune Functions
Simpson, R. J., Kunz, H., Agha, N. H., & Graff, R. M. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Self-citationThe selectivity of β‐adrenoceptor agonists at human β1‐, β2‐ and β3‐adrenoceptors
Baker, J. G. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00754.x · Cited by 591 · see citing works
The selectivity of β ‐adrenoceptor antagonists at the human β 1, β 2 and β 3 adrenoceptors
Baker, J. G. (2005) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706048 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Dhabhar, F. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.004 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Balady, G. J., CHAITMAN, B. R., Driscoll, D., Foster, C., Froelicher, E. S., Gordon, N. F., Pate, R. R., Rippe, J. M., & Bazzarre, T. L. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.22.2283 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
CD57 in human natural killer cells and T-lymphocytes
Kared, H., Martelli, S., Ng, T. P., Pender, S. L. F., & Larbi, A. (2016) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-016-1803-z · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Blood Monocytes and Their Subsets: Established Features and Open Questions
Ziegler‐Heitbrock, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00423 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Alterations in Leukocyte β-Receptor Affinity with Aging
Feldman, R. D., Limbird, L. E., Nadeau, J., et al. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198403293101303 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Schedlowski, M., Hosch, W. P., Oberbeck, R., Benschop, R. J., Jacobs, R., Raab, H., & Schmidt, R. E. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.156.1.93 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Selective Mobilization of Cytotoxic Leukocytes by Epinephrine
Dimitrov, S., Lange, T., & Jan Born, A. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902189 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Exercise-induced redistribution of T lymphocytes is regulated by adrenergic mechanisms
Krüger, K., Lechtermann, A., Fobker, M., Völker, K., & Mooren, F. C. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.008 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Acute exercise mobilises CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibiting an effector-memory phenotype
Campbell, J. P., Riddell, N. E., Burns, V. E., Turner, M., van Zanten, J. J. C. S. V., Drayson, M. T., & Bosch, J. A. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.011 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Selective mobilization of CD14+CD16+ monocytes by exercise
Steppich, B., Dayyani, F., Gruber, R., Lorenz, R. L., Mack, M., & Ziegler‐Heitbrock, H. W. L. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.3.c578 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Bigley, A. B., Rezvani, K., Chew, C., Sekine, T., Pistillo, M., Crucian, B. E., Bollard, C. M., & Simpson, R. J. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.030 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationBenschop, R. J., Nieuwenhuis, E. E. S., Tromp, E., Godaert, G. L. R., BALLIEUX, R. E., & van Doornen, L. J. P. (1994) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.89.2.762 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Beta-adrenergic receptors in human leukocyte subpopulations.
Landmann, R. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Blood Lactate Response to Exercise
(1968) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196804182781619 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Murray, D. R. P., Irwin, M. R., Rearden, C. A., Ziegler, M. G., Motulsky, H. J., & Maisel, A. S. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.86.1.203 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Krüger, K., & Mooren, F. C. (2026) · PubMed · doi:10.22029/eir.2007.1629 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Leukocytosis of exercise: role of cardiac output and catecholamines
Foster, N. K., Martyn, J. B., Rangno, R. E., et al. (1986) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1986.61.6.2218 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Grisanti, L. A., Woster, A. P., Dahlman, J., Sauter, E. R., Combs, C. K., & Porter, J. E. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.110.178012 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Simpson, R. J., McFarlin, B. K., McSporran, C., Spielmann, G., Hartaigh, B. Ó., & Guy, K. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.09.013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Tits, L. J., Michel, M. C., Grosse‐Wilde, H., Happel, M., Eigler, F. W., Soliman, A., & Brodde, O. (1990) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.1.e191 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Anane, L. H., Edwards, K. M., Burns, V. E., Drayson, M. T., Riddell, N. E., Zanten, J. V., Wallace, G. R., Mills, P. J., & Bosch, J. A. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.03.003 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Simpson, R. J., Florida-James, G. D., Cosgrove, C., Whyte, G. P., Macrae, S., Pircher, H., & Guy, K. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00007.2007 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationCron, R. Q., Gajewski, T. F., Sharrow, S. O., et al. (1989) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.142.11.3754 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Relationship of β-adrenoreceptor density to fitness in athletes
Butler, J., O’Brien, E., O'MALLEY, K., & Kelly, J. G. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/298060a0 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Leosco, D., Rengo, G., Iaccarino, G., Filippelli, A., Lymperopoulos, A., Zincarelli, C., Fortunato, F., Golino, L., Marchese, M., Esposito, G., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00308.2007 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Spielmann, G., Bollard, C. M., Bigley, A. B., Hanley, P. J., Blaney, J. W., LaVoy, E. C. P., Pircher, H., & Simpson, R. J. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.05.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBigley, A. B., Rezvani, K., Pistillo, M., et al. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.027 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationCeddia, M. A., Price, E. A., Kohlmeier, C. K., Evans, J. K., Lu, Q., McAuley, E., & Woods, J. A. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199906000-00011 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Activating KIRs and NKG2C in Viral Infections: Toward NK Cell Memory?
Chiesa, M. D., Sivori, S., Carlomagno, S., Moretta, L., & Moretta, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00573 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mills, P. J., Goebel, M. U., Rehman, J., Irwin, M. R., & Maisel, A. S. (2000) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00180-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fry, A. C., Schilling, B. K., Weiss, L. W., & Chiu, L. Z. F. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01599.2005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Agha, N. H., Baker, F. L., Kunz, H., Graff, R. M., Azadan, R., Dolan, C., Laughlin, M. S., Hosing, C. M., Markofski, M. M., Bond, R. A., et al. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman cytomegalovirus infection and the immune response to exercise.
Simpson, R. J., Bigley, A. B., Spielmann, G., LaVoy, E. C. P., Kunz, H., & Bollard, C. M. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationPolak, J., Moro, C., Klimčáková, E., Hejnová, J., Majercik, M., Viguerie, N., Langin, D., Lafontan, M., Štich, V., & Berlan, M. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0003-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mobilizing Immune Cells With Exercise for Cancer Immunotherapy
Simpson, R. J., Bigley, A. B., Agha, N. H., et al. (2017) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000114 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSplenectomy impairs lymphocytosis during maximal exercise
Nielsen, H. B., Secher, N. H., Kristensen, J. H., Christensen, N. J., Espersen, K., & Pedersen, B. K. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.6.r1847 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Nonselective ? blockade attenuates the recruitment of CD62L? T lymphocytes following exercise
Mills, P. J., Rehman, J., Ziegler, M. G., Carter, S. M., Dimsdale, J. E., & Maisel, A. S. (1999) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050548 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mausbach, B. T., Aschbacher, K., Mills, P. J., Roepke, S. K., von Känel, R., Patterson, T. L., Dimsdale, J. E., Ziegler, M. G., Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Grant, I. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.09.006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Exercise as an Adjuvant Therapy for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization
Emmons, R. S., Niemiro, G. M., & Lisio, M. D. (2016) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/2016/7131359 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Benefit of physical fitness against inflammation in obesity: Role of beta adrenergic receptors
Hong, S., Dimitrov, S., Pruitt, C., Shaikh, F., & Beg, N. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.009 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kinetics of circulating progenitor cell mobilization during submaximal exercise
Niemiro, G. M., Parel, J. T., Beals, J. W., van Vliet, S., Paluska, S. A., Moore, D. R., Burd, N. A., & Lisio, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00936.2016 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Spielmann, G., Bollard, C. M., Kunz, H., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25852 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiovascular regulatory functions in elderly patients with hypertension.
Kawamoto, A., Shimada, K., Matsubayashi, K., et al. (1989) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.13.5.401 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Immune response to a single bout of exercise in young and elderly subjects
Mazzeo, R. S., Rajkumar, C., Rolland, J. M., Blaher, B., Jennings, G., & Esler, M. (1998) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00130-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
BISHOP, N. C., Walsh, N. P., Haines, D. L., et al. (2001) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.11.4.490 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Phenotypic characterization of γδ T cells mobilized in response to acute psychological stress
Anane, L. H., Edwards, K. M., Burns, V. E., Zanten, J. V., Drayson, M. T., & Bosch, J. A. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.01.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dimitrov, S., Shaikh, F., Pruitt, C., Green, M. M., Wilson, K. L., Beg, N., & Hong, S. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pharmacological properties of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
Borchard, U. (1998) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bozzano, F. M., Marras, F., & Maria, A. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00268 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
SPLENECTOMY IMPAIRS LYMPHOCYTOSIS DURING MAXIMAL EXERCISE 550
Nielsen, H. B., Secher, N. H., Halkjær-Kristensen, J., Christensen, N. J., Espersen, K., & Pedersen, B. K. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199605001-00550 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mäki, T., KONTULA, K. K., MYLLYNEN, P. J., et al. (1987) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365518709168900 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gullestad, L. L., Birkeland, K. I., Nordby, G., Larsen, S., & KJEKSHUS, J. K. (1991) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03882.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Plasma catecholamine responses to exercise after training with beta-adrenergic blockade
Wolfel, E. E., Hiatt, W. R., Brammell, H. L., et al. (1990) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1990.68.2.586 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gu, G., Yang, J.-Z., & Sun, L. (2017) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
β-Adrenergic receptor number in human lymphocytes is inversely correlated with aerobic capacity
FUJII, N. L., Homma, S. T., Yamazaki, F., Sone, R., Shibata, T., IKEGAMI, H., Murakami, K., & Miyazaki, H. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.6.e1106 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Can physical activity ameliorate immunosenescence and thereby reduce age-related multi-morbidity?
Duggal, N. A., Niemiro, G., Harridge, S. D. R., Simpson, R. J., & Lord, J. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0177-9 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citationStress and cancer: mechanisms, significance and future directions
Eckerling, A., Ricon-Becker, I., Sorski, L., Sandbank, E., & Ben-Eliyahu, S. (2021) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-021-00395-5 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Gomes-Santos, I. L., Amoozgar, Z., Kumar, A. S., Ho, W. W., Roh, K., Talele, N. P., Curtis, H., Kawaguchi, K., Jain, R. K., & Fukumura, D. (2021) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0499 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
IL-6 Activity is Required for Maximal Catecholamine Release During High-Intensity Exercise in Men
Ziegler, A. K., Schauer, T., Myrup, S. F., van Hall, G., Pedersen, B. K., Christensen, J. F., & Ellingsgaard, H. (2026) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2026.102395 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Graff, R. M., Kunz, H. E., Agha, N. H., Baker, F. L., Laughlin, M., Bigley, A. B., Markofski, M. M., LaVoy, E. C., Katsanis, E., Bond, R. A., Bollard, C. M., & Simpson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Children's National (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Simpson, Richard J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 143-153
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12977291
- OpenAlex
- W2889061983
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 10.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 302 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NASA (NNX12AB48G, NNX16AB29G, NNX16AG02G)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- β2-adrenergic receptor signaling, acute exercise, lymphocyte mobilization, natural killer cells, non-classical monocytes, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, bisoprolol, nadolol, catecholamines, exercise immunology, stress response, lactate threshold
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Catecholamines, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Monocytes, Nadolol, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Bisoprolol, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cross-Over Studies, Healthy Volunteers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
