Glutathione is a physiologic reservoir of neuronal glutamate
Open accessAbstract
Glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain, participates in a multitude of physiologic and pathologic processes, including learning and memory. Glutathione, a tripeptide composed of the amino acids glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, serves important cofactor roles in antioxidant defense and drug detoxification, but glutathione deficits occur in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. Glutathione synthesis and metabolism are governed by a cycle of enzymes, the γ-glutamyl cycle, which can achieve intracellular glutathione concentrations of 1-10mM. Because of the considerable quantity of brain glutathione and its rapid turnover, we hypothesized that glutathione may serve as a reservoir of neural glutamate. We quantified glutamate in HT22 hippocampal neurons, PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons after treatment with molecular inhibitors targeting three different enzymes of the glutathione metabolic cycle. Inhibiting 5-oxoprolinase and γ-glutamyl transferase, enzymes that liberate glutamate from glutathione, leads to decreases in glutamate. In contrast, inhibition of γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase, which uses glutamate to synthesize glutathione, results in substantial glutamate accumulation. Increased glutamate levels following inhibition of glutathione synthesis temporally precede later effects upon oxidative stress.
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Glutathione, the main antioxidant and redox regulator, constitutes a neuronal reservoir of glutamate.
“Moreover, glutathione (GSH), the main antioxidant and redox regulator, constitutes a neuronal reservoir of glutamate (Koga et al., 2011).”
From Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: A “central hub” in schizophrenia pathophysiology? (2016) · cites this paper as Koga et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Koga, M., Serritella, A. V., Messmer, M. M., Hayashi-Takagi, A., Hester, L. D., Snyder, S. H., Sawa, A., & Sedlak, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sedlak, Thomas W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 409
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 596-602
- ISSN
- 0006-291X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3923312
- OpenAlex
- W2027589595
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH084018, R01MH018501, MH 092443, P20MH084018, R37MH018501, MH-18501, R01MH092443)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K08NS057824)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
- Keywords
- glutathione, glutamate, glutathione metabolism, gamma-glutamyl cycle, glutathione synthesis, glutathione depletion, 5-oxoprolinase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, hippocampal neurons, cortical neurons, oxidative stress, excitatory neurotransmitter, antioxidant defense
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enzyme Inhibitors, gamma-Glutamyltransferase, Glutathione, Hippocampus, Isoxazoles, Neurons, Pyroglutamate Hydrolase, Glutamic Acid, Buthionine Sulfoximine, Cell Line, Tumor, Imidazolines, Mice, Rats
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