Cited by 247Reproductive Health and ContraceptionEstrogen and related hormone effectsMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

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Characteristics and metabolic effects of estrogen and progestins contained in oral contraceptive pills

Sitruk-Ware, Regine, Nath, Anita·2013·Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1016/j.beem.2012.09.004

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Abstract

Estrogen and progestins have been used by millions of women as effective combined oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives (OCs) modify surrogate markers such as lipoproteins, insulin response to glucose, and coagulation factors, that have been associated with cardiovascular and venous risk. Ethinyl-Estradiol (EE) exerts a stronger effect that natural estradiol (E2) on hepatic metabolism. New progestins with high specificity have been designed to avoid interaction with other receptors and prevent androgenic, estrogenic or glucocorticoid related side-effects. The risks and benefits of new progestins used in contraception depend upon their molecular structure, the type and dose of associated estrogen, and the delivery route. The lower impact of E2-based combinations on metabolic surrogate markers may result in an improved safety profile, but only clinical outcomes are relevant to assess the risk. Large surveillance studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.

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Background
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Effects of a Monophasic Hormonal Contraceptive With Norgestimate+Ethinyl Estradiol on Menstrual Bleeding: Protocol and Design of a Multicenter, Prospective, Open-Label, Noncomparative Study in Italy
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The association between oral contraceptive use and the risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean women: a national population-based study
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Blood and Hormonal Profile Association with the Length of Estrous Cycle in Saanen Etawah Crossbreed Goat
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EFFECT OF INJECTABLE COMBINATION ESTROGEN-PROGESTERON AND PROGESTERON-ONLY CONTRACEPTIVES ON GLUCOSE AND MALONDIALALDEHID SERUM
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Female Hormonal Contraception
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Body composition and markers of cardiometabolic health in transgender youth compared to cisgender youth: a cross-sectional studyPreprint
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“However, TF in that study were treated with ethinyl estradiol (rather than 17β-estradiol, as used in the current study), which is known to have an adverse effect on glucose and insulin (23).”
Background
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Bruni, V., & Pampaloni, F. (2019) · ISGE series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14358-9_10 · Cited by 1
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A combined injectable contraceptive improves plasma redox status and does not induce vascular changes in female rats
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Anticoncepción estroprogestágena
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Increase of Oxidative Stress is Positively Associated with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Women Using Combined Oral Contraceptives: An Observational StudyPreprint
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“However, these new OC preparations are still associated with the risk of pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, thrombotic stroke and VTE (2, 52).”
BackgroundInfluential
Resistência insulínica em mulheres saudáveis em idade reprodutiva
Melhado‐Kimura, V. (2014) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2014.922332
Population Briefs, Vol. 20, no. 1
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Progestins
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ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS, ULTRA-SENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, AND FLOW-MEDIATED DILATION OF THE BRACHIAL ARTERY IN PATIENTS USING COMBINED HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
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Effect of combined oral contraceptives with estrogen identical to natural estrogen on the metabolic profile and body composition in females during the menopausal transition
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Insulin resistance, a metabolic disorder in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its implications for clinical management
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Authors: Sitruk-Ware, R., & Nath, A.
Affiliations: Population Council (US)
Corresponding author: Sitruk-Ware, Regine
ORCID: Sitruk-Ware, Regine
Nath, Anita
Venue: Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-02
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-24
ISSN: 1521-690X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.09.004
OpenAlex: W2101802759
Cited by: 247
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 1.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords: oral contraceptives, ethinyl estradiol, progestins, hepatic metabolism, lipoproteins, insulin response, coagulation factors, cardiovascular risk, venous thromboembolism, contraceptive safety
MeSH terms: Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Progestins

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Characteristics and metabolic effects of estrogen and progestins contained in oral contraceptive pills

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