Cited by 247Reproductive Health and ContraceptionEstrogen and related hormone effectsMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

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Characteristics and metabolic effects of estrogen and progestins contained in oral contraceptive pills

Sitruk-Ware, Regine, Nath, Anita·2013·Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1016/j.beem.2012.09.004

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Abstract

Estrogen and progestins have been used by millions of women as effective combined oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives (OCs) modify surrogate markers such as lipoproteins, insulin response to glucose, and coagulation factors, that have been associated with cardiovascular and venous risk. Ethinyl-Estradiol (EE) exerts a stronger effect that natural estradiol (E2) on hepatic metabolism. New progestins with high specificity have been designed to avoid interaction with other receptors and prevent androgenic, estrogenic or glucocorticoid related side-effects. The risks and benefits of new progestins used in contraception depend upon their molecular structure, the type and dose of associated estrogen, and the delivery route. The lower impact of E2-based combinations on metabolic surrogate markers may result in an improved safety profile, but only clinical outcomes are relevant to assess the risk. Large surveillance studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.

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Authors: Sitruk-Ware, R., & Nath, A.
Affiliations: Population Council (US)
Corresponding author: Sitruk-Ware, Regine
ORCID: Sitruk-Ware, Regine
Nath, Anita
Venue: Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-02
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-24
ISSN: 1521-690X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.09.004
OpenAlex: W2101802759
Cited by: 247
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 1.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords: oral contraceptives, ethinyl estradiol, progestins, hepatic metabolism, lipoproteins, insulin response, coagulation factors, cardiovascular risk, venous thromboembolism, contraceptive safety
MeSH terms: Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Progestins

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Characteristics and metabolic effects of estrogen and progestins contained in oral contraceptive pills

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