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The gut microbiome in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
Abstract
This review summarizes existing research on the gut microbiome composition and function in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, exploring potential roles in disease pathogenesis, progression, and management. A strong relationship between skin, joint, and gastrointestinal inflammation exists, as demonstrated by an increased prevalence of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease co-occurring together; however, the link between them has not been fully elucidated. Studies analyzing the gut microbiome in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis reveal a unique pattern of dysbiosis. With regard to the gut microbiome's role in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis pathogenesis, we discuss several theories including intestinal permeability, altered immune homeostasis, and imbalance of short- and medium-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. We also discuss how the gut microbiome affects patient risk of psoriatic arthritis and other serious comorbidities, and how fecal microbes could be used clinically as therapeutic targets or markers of disease.
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“the abundance of Actinobacteria in the gut of patients with psoriasis was less than that of healthy controls.”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
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Qian, X., Fu, Z., Diao, C., Zhang, W., Tao, W., Hu, J., Zhang, S., & Zhao, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265786 · Cited by 7
“While several observational studies have investigated the composition of the gut microbiome in patients with psoriasis, research on PsA remains limited (Myers et al., 2019).”
BackgroundThe Role of the Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis: From Pathogens to Pathology.
Wilchowski, S. M. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6
Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Psoriasis: A Population-Based Study
Zhang, Q., Zhang, M., & Zhao, C. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12110828 · Cited by 5
Genomics-Microbiome Based Assessment of Bidirectional Causality Between Gut Microbiota and Psoriasis
Gao, Q., Liu, J., Ma, W., Cheng, Z.-L., Hao, P., & Luo, N. (2024) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s450227 · Cited by 5
“33,40 As the degree of gut dysbiosis in psoriasis patients correlates with lesion severity, inflammation-related markers (IL-2, CRP), 31,36 and comorbidities (obesity, IBD).”
BackgroundXu, X., Wu, L.-Y., Wang, S., Yan, M., Wang, Y., Li, L., Sun, Z., & Zhao, J.-X. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1287637 · Cited by 5
“Several observational studies have explored the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolites in patients with psoriasis, but research on psoriatic arthritis (PsA) remains limited (Myers et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWang, Y.-W., Yao, T., Lin, Y., Ge, H., Huang, B., Gao, Y., & Wu, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327083 · Cited by 9
Microbiota and arthritis: cause or consequence?
Cafaro, G., Cruciani, G., Bruno, L., Pozzolo, R. D., Colangelo, A., Tromby, F., Nicchi, M., Pianese, B., Perricone, C., Gerli, R., et al. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology · doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/f6q4dc · Cited by 7
Advancements in psoriasis management: Integrating nutrient supplement with gut-brain-skin connection
Mishra, S., Saxena, S., & Awasthi, R. (2024) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2024.100416 · Cited by 3
The impact of IL-17A inhibitors on scalp and gut microbiota in psoriasis
Huang, W., Geng, Y., Gong, J., & Wu, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1623003 · Cited by 3
“In addition, butyrate can inhibit oxidative stress and help regulate the balance between Th17 and Treg lymphocytes (Zeng et al., 2017; Myers et al., 2019; Polak et al., 2021).”
Polo, T. C. F., Lai, M. R. D. R., Miot, L. D. B., Bento, G. F. C., da Silva, M. G., Marques, S. A., & Miot, H. A. (2023) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1016/j.abd.2022.08.008 · Cited by 4
Gut Microbiota: A Future Clinical Magic Bullet to Manifest Pathogenic Disease in the Current Future
Mina, P. R. (2023) · Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.22207/jpam.17.1.43 · Cited by 3
Changes in the gut microbiome in children with atopic dermatitis
Paroshyna, L. A., & Sadchenko, P. S. (2024) · Health and Ecology Issues · doi:10.51523/2708-6011.2024-21-3-05 · Cited by 2
Bai, M., An, N., Cheng, M., Qin, J., Wang, J., Jia, R., Liu, W., Cheng, J., Xu, Q., & Wu, X. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114939 · Cited by 2
Changes in the gut microbiota of pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients
Bérard, M., Chassain, K., Méry, C., Gillaizeau, F., Carton, T., Humeau, H., Navasiolava, N. M., Rocour, S., Schurgers, L. J., Kempf, M., et al. (2024) · Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie · doi:10.1016/j.annder.2024.103290 · Cited by 2
What are mice teaching us about psoriatic arthritis?
Randon, P. M., Gudjonsson, J. E., & Ward, N. L. (2025) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000001093 · Cited by 2
“contribute to PsA pathogenesis [53].”
Blanco, J. M., Borghese, F., McHugh, N. J., Kelleher, P., Sengupta, R., Marchesi, J. R., & Abraham, S. (2020) · BMC Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/s41927-020-00155-2 · Cited by 2
Sangar, S., Cheng, M., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823733-5.00031-3 · Cited by 2
Gut-Skin axis and healthy skin: a systematic review
Liedtke, F. S. (2023) · International Journal of Nutrology · doi:10.54448/ijn23223 · Cited by 2
“Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria inhibit the growth of exogenous and/or harmful bacteria, stimulate immune functions, aid in the digestion and/or absorption of food ingredients and minerals, and contribute to the synthesis of vitamins [14-19].”
BackgroundQueiró, R. (2022) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac554 · Cited by 2
Yu, N., Wang, J., Liu, Y., & Guo, Y. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1726.v1 · Cited by 2
Role of regulatory T cells in pathogenesis and therapeutics of psoriatic arthritis
Sakkas, L. I., Alexiou, I., & Chikanza, I. C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13947-5.00003-8 · Cited by 1
Wang, Y., Xing, F., Zhou, Q., Li, H. F., Fu, H., Zhang, F., Yang, X., & Cao, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1704547 · Cited by 1
Zhang, R., Xu, Y., Li, B., Dregan, A., Griffiths, C. E. M., Zanesco, S., Maruthappu, T., Gibson, R., & Hall, W. L. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2026.106621 · Cited by 2
Exploring the Gut Microbiome’s Association in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Scoping Review
Kent, J., Chao, J., Liao, W. J., & Singla, S. (2026) · Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis · doi:10.1177/24755303261464171 · Cited by 1
Diet and Nutritional Supplements for Psoriasis
Lucius, K. (2022) · Integrative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/ict.2022.29007.klu · Cited by 1
“People with psoriasis have been shown to have specific patterns of gut dysbiosis 17,18 as well as alterations in the skin microbiome.”
The Role of Gut Microbiome in Psoriatic Arthritis—A Literature Review
Alexandru, C., Iorgus, C. C., Melesteu, I., Serban, E. D., BOBIRCA, F. T., Constantin, M. M., Razvan-Ioan, S., Ancuta, I., Bojincă, M., & Bobirca, A. V. (2023) · Physiologia · doi:10.3390/physiologia3020014 · Cited by 1
“Genetic, epigenetic factors, but also factors related to the external environment, especially diet and the probiotic intake recently analyzed, determine the profile of the intestinal microbiota [15,29].”
BackgroundMicrobiota and Microbiome in Dermatology: Clues to New Treatments
Kathuria, S., & Lotti, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15130-9_152 · Cited by 1
Long Covid, the Gut, and Autoimmune Skin Diseases: A Novel Therapeutic Approach
Chambers, P. W., & Chambers, S. E. (2024) · Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery · doi:10.31579/2578-8868/297
Intestinal Permeability In Subjects With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Critical Therapeutic Priority.
Guilliams, T. G., Weintraub, J., & Spar, M. D. (2024) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Myers, B., Brownstone, N., Reddy, V., Chan, S., Thibodeaux, Q., Truong, A., Bhutani, T., Chang, H.-W., & Liao, W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liao, Wilson
- ORCID
- Venue
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 101494
- ISSN
- 1521-6942 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3023269883
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Spondyloarthritis Studies and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, dysbiosis, intestinal permeability, immune homeostasis, short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, inflammatory bowel disease, comorbidities, pathogenesis, fecal microbiota transplantation, biomarkers, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Humans, Psoriasis, Arthritis, Psoriatic, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
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