Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Open accessAbstract
We have analyzed 5,088 bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from the distal intestinal (cecal) microbiota of genetically obese ob/ob mice, lean ob/+ and wild-type siblings, and their ob/+ mothers, all fed the same polysaccharide-rich diet. Although the majority of mouse gut species are unique, the mouse and human microbiota(s) are similar at the division (superkingdom) level, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes dominating. Microbial-community composition is inherited from mothers. However, compared with lean mice and regardless of kinship, ob/ob animals have a 50% reduction in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and a proportional increase in Firmicutes. These changes, which are division-wide, indicate that, in this model, obesity affects the diversity of the gut microbiota and suggest that intentional manipulation of community structure may be useful for regulating energy balance in obese individuals. The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database [accession nos. DQ 014552--DQ 015671 (mothers) and AY 989911--AY 993908 (offspring)].
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Most animal and human studies have reported that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with an altered ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.
“Most of the animal and human studies have reported that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with an altered ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes [8,9].”
From Effects of Regular Kefir Consumption on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Parallel-Group, Randomized, Controlled Study (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
The Results and Discussion report that obese ob/ob mice had fewer Bacteroidetes and more Firmicutes than lean mice. This supports the obesity–altered-ratio association in one animal study, but the paper does not establish what most animal and human studies report or link the ratio to insulin resistance; it says the obesity finding deserves exploration in humans. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredObesity has been associated with altered gut microbiota composition, reduced microbial diversity, and reduced gene richness.
“Indeed, obesity has been associated with altered gut microbiota composition, reduced microbial diversity, and reduced gene richness (Le Chatelier et al., 2013; Ley et al., 2005; Turnbaugh et al., 2009).”
From Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation (2015) · cites this paper as Ley et al., 2005
An increase in relative abundance of Firmicutes and a proportional decrease in Bacteroidetes were associated with the microbiota of obese mice.
“An increase in relative abundance of Firmicutes and a proportional decrease in Bacteroidetes were associated with the microbiota of obese mice,23”
From The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
Microbiota from genetically obese mice can increase adiposity when transplanted into lean mice.
“The altered microbiota that is observed in genetically obese mice11,12 is sufficient to promote increased adiposity in lean mice that receive a microbiota transplant12”
From Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is higher in obese people compared to lean people.
“Animal and human data have reported that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is higher (i.e., increased Firmicutes and/or decreased Bacteroidetes) in obese people compared to lean people [79–82].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [80]
Alterations in fecal microbial community composition are associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance.
“Early work in the gut microbiome field demonstrated that alterations in fecal microbial community composition are associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance, and that microbial transplantation could transmit heightened adiposity in the host2–4.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Microbial transplantation can transmit heightened adiposity in the host.
“Early work in the gut microbiome field demonstrated that alterations in fecal microbial community composition are associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance, and that microbial transplantation could transmit heightened adiposity in the host2–4.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Host biology and environmental cues are both substantial contributors to shaping gut-associated bacterial communities.
“Host biology and environmental cues are both substantial contributors toward shaping gut-associated bacterial communities.3,56,57”
From Using Corticosteroids to Reshape the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [57]
An increase in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio has been found to be associated with obesity in humans and in genetically or diet-induced obese mice in some but not all studies.
“An increase in this ratio in some [40], but not all [10] studies, has been found to be associated with obesity in humans as well as in genetically or diet-induced obese mice [40], [46], [47]”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Center for Genomes Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108; and Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2005-07-20
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 11070-11075
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1176910
- OpenAlex
- W1971415551
- Cited by
- 6,176
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 214 · 2024: 347 · 2023: 364 · 2022: 437 · 2021: 478 · 2020: 554 · 2019: 488 · 2018: 440 · 2017: 437 · 2016: 400 · 2015: 346 · 2014: 321 · 2013: 282 · 2012: 242
- FWCI
- 26.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008759, T32GM142607)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK007130, DK070977, R01DK070977, T32DK007130)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- obesity, gut microbiota, cecal microbiota, ob/ob mice, leptin deficiency, 16S rRNA gene sequences, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, microbial community composition, microbial diversity, energy balance
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Animals, Bacteria, Base Sequence, DNA, Female, Genes, Bacterial, Humans, Intestines, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Obese, Molecular Sequence Data, Obesity, Pregnancy, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Ecosystem, Mice
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