The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale–Short Form: Development and Validation

Manos, Rachel C.; Kanter, Jonathan W.; Luo, Wen

doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.004

Cited by 281Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychological Treatments and Assessments

The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale–Short Form: Development and Validation

Manos, Rachel C., Kanter, Jonathan W., Luo, Wen·2011·Behavior Therapy

DOI 10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.004

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Abstract

Following a landmark component analysis of cognitive therapy by Jacobson and colleagues (1996), there has been renewed interest in behavioral activation (BA) treatments for depression. The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) was developed to measure when and how clients become activated over the course of BA treatment. Multiple studies have provided initial support for the BADS but have also identified several potential problems. Four studies were conducted in order to develop and provide initial evaluation of a short form of the BADS that addresses these concerns. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted on existing data using the original BADS in order to identify items to retain for the short form. In Study 2, these items were administered to a new sample of college students with elevated depressive symptoms and were analyzed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Study 3 examined the predictive validity of the BADS-SF by examining the BADS-SF and depression scores in relation to activity tracking and reward-value ratings over the course of 1 week. Study 4 examined BADS-SF data over the course of BA treatment for two clients using cross-lagged panel correlations. With one client, changes in BADS-SF scores led changes in depression scores by 1 week, whereas with the other client changes in BADS-SF and depression scores occurred concurrently. These studies resulted in a nine-item scale that demonstrated good item characteristics as well as acceptable internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity.

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BADS-SF measures level of activity with good internal consistency (α=0.82) and test-retest reliability 0.45.
“The Behavior Activation for Depression Short Form (BADS-SF) (Manos et al., 2011) measures level of activity with good internal consistency ( α = 0.82) and test-retest reliability of 0.45.”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for inpatients with psychosis –an acceptability and feasibility single case AB designed study (2022) · cites this paper as Manos et al., 2011
The BADS-SF has shown good reliability and validity, predictive validity, and ability to detect clinically relevant changes.
“The BADS-SF has shown good reliability and validity, predictive validity, and ability to detect clinically relevant changes [24].”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety among patients with a recent myocardial infarction: The u-care heart randomized Controlled trial (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
Manos et al previously showed via factor analysis that a modified version of the breadth item ("I engaged in many different activities") should be retained in a short version of the BADS.
“Manos et al [41] previously showed via factor analysis that a modified version of the breadth item (“I engaged in many different activities”) should be retained in a short version of the BADS.”
From Behavioral Activation and Depression Symptomatology: Longitudinal Assessment of Linguistic Indicators in Text-Based Therapy Sessions (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
The BADS-SF has shown adequate internal consistency (α=0.82).
“The BADS-SF has shown adequate internal consistency (α=0.82).57”
From Efficacy, cost-utility and physiological effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Behavioural Activation Treatment for Depression (BATD) in patients with chronic low back pain and depression: study protocol of a randomised, controlled trial including mobile-technology-based ecological momentary assessment (IMPACT study) (2020) · cites this paper as [57]

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Guided Act and Feel Indonesia (GAF-ID) – Internet-based behavioral activation intervention for depression in Indonesia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Arjadi, R., Nauta, M. H., Scholte, W. F., Hollon, S. D., Chowdhary, N., Suryani, A. O., & Bockting, C. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1577-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The primary outcome is self-reported depressive symptoms based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Table 1 Assessments Measures Description Baseline (t0) 2 weeks 4 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks 10 weeks (post intervention) 3 months (follow-up) 6 months (follow-up) Primary measure PHQ-9 Depression symptoms level + + + + + +…”
Method
Exploratory Factor Analysis
Finch, W. H. (2013) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-404-8_8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Behavioral activation for smoking cessation and mood management following a cardiac event: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial
Busch, A. M., Tooley, E. M., DUNSIGER, S. I., Chattillion, E. A., Srour, J. F., Pagoto, S., Kahler, C. W., & Borrelli, B. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4250-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Next, using a series of longitudinal regression models implemented with GEEs [44] and identity link, we estimated the effects of treatment on mean changes from baseline in PHQ-9, PANAS-PA, PANAS-NA, PSS, and the BADS at end-of-treatment and 24 weeks.”
Influential
Healthy Campus Trial: a multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) fully factorial trial to optimize the smartphone cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) app for mental health promotion among university students: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Uwatoko, T., Luo, Y., Sakata, M., Kobayashi, D., Sakagami, Y., Takemoto, K., Collins, L. M., Watkins, E. R., Hollon, S. D., Wason, J. M. S., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2719-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Behavioral activation: Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale-Short Form (eight items) [32, 33] d.”
Method
Harnessing mobile technology to reduce mental health disorders in college populations: A randomized controlled trial study protocol
Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., Taylor, C. B., Newman, M. G., Zainal, N. H., Rojas-Ashe, E. E., Lipson, S. K., Firebaugh, M., Ceglarek, P. J. D., Topooco, N., Jacobson, N. C., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106320 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“For change in behavioral activation, we will use the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale-Short Form [70], which has been shown to correlate with activity tracking data.”
Method
Can Simple Psychological Interventions Increase Preventive Health Investment?
John, A., & Orkin, K. (2021) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvab052 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for adolescent depression: Application with a diverse and predominantly socioeconomically disadvantaged sample
Petts, R. A., Duenas, J. A., & Gaynor, S. T. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic individually tailored Internet-based and mobile-supported intervention for the indicated prevention of depression and anxiety (ICare Prevent) in Dutch college students: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Bolinski, F., Kleiboer, A., Karyotaki, E., Bosmans, J. E., Zarski, A.-C., Weisel, K. K., Ebert, D. D., Jacobi, C., Cuijpers, P., & Riper, H. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2477-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The reliability and validity of the questionnaire has been established in a college student sample [74].”
Background
Therapist-guided and self-guided internet-delivered behavioural activation for adolescents with depression: a randomised feasibility trial
Andersson, R., Åhlén, J., Mataix‐Cols, D., Lenhard, F., Henje, E., Månsson, C., Sahlin, H., Beckman, M., Serlachius, E., & Vigerland, S. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066357 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A learning theory account of depression
Ramnerö, J., Folke, F., & Kanter, J. W. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12233 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Behavioral activation in acute inpatient psychiatry: A multiple baseline evaluation
Folke, F., Hursti, T. J., Tungström, S., Söderberg, P., Kanter, J. W., Kuutmann, K., Olofsson, H., & Ekselius, L. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.10.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Depressive symptomatology and the influence of the behavioral avoidance and activation: A gender-specific investigation
Wagener, A., Baeyens, C., & Blairy, S. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.040 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Exploratory Factor Analysis
Bernstein, I. H., & A.Rowe, N. (2001) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412985956.n7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A pilot investigation of universal school‐based prevention programs for anxiety and depression symptomology in children: A randomized controlled trial
Johnstone, K. M., Middleton, T., Kemps, E., & Chen, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22926 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Trial of a patient-directed eHealth program to ameliorate perinatal depression: the MomMoodBooster2 practical effectiveness study
Danaher, B. G., Seeley, J. R., Silver, R. K., Tyler, M. S., Kim, J. J., Porte, L. M. L., Cleveland, E., Smith, D. R., Milgrom, J., & Gau, J. M. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.09.027 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Behavioral Activation through Virtual Reality for Depression: A Single Case Experimental Design with Multiple Baselines
Colombo, D., Suso‐Ribera, C., Ortigosa-Beltrán, I., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., García‐Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11051262 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Overall, this scale has shown good internal consistency, reliability, construct validity, and predictive validity [51].”
BackgroundMethod
Reducing depressive symptomatology with a smartphone app: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Giosan, C., Cobeanu, O., Mogoaşe, C., Szentagotai, A., Mureşan, V., & Boian, R. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1960-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The scale enjoys good psychometric properties [57].”
Transdiagnostic Processes as Mediators of Change in an Internet-Delivered Intervention Based on the Unified Protocol
Schaeuffele, C., Bär, J., Buengener, I., Grafiadeli, R., Heuthaler, E., Strieder, J., Ziehn, P., Knaevelsrud, C., Renneberg, B., & Boettcher, J. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10272-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A client-level session-by-session evaluation of behavioral activation’s mechanism of action
Santos, M. M., Rae, J. R., Nagy, G. A., Manbeck, K. E., Hurtado, G., West, P. A., Santiago‐Rivera, A. L., & Kanter, J. W. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Similar findings were obtained with client-level session-by-session analyses of two clients in the validation study of the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale—Short Form (BADSSF; Manos et al., 2011), a measure of activation and avoidance.”
MethodResultSelf-citation
Skill Enactment and Knowledge Acquisition in Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Jackson, H. M., Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., Ohan, J. L., Farmer, G. M., & Farrer, L. M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/44673 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…in Scopus on July 26, 2022, and included the following skill use measures: the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale [51] and its short form [52], Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Skills Questionnaire [53], Skills of Cognitive Therapy [54], Competencies of Cognitive Therapy Scale [55],…”
Psychometric Properties of the German Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ)
Schaeuffele, C., Knaevelsrud, C., Renneberg, B., & Boettcher, J. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211010955 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“One limitation needs to be pointed out: We hypothesized that the BADS would serve as another convergent avoidance measure but the lower correlations between the BADS and the other avoidance measures indicate that the BADS’ conceptualization with its focus on behavioral activation and avoidance seems to differ conceptu…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A Self-Paced, Web-Based, Positive Emotion Skills Intervention for Reducing Symptoms of Depression: Protocol for Development and Pilot Testing of MARIGOLD
Cheung, E. O., Addington, E. L., Bassett, S. M., Schuette, S., Shiu, E. W., Cohn, M., Leykin, Y., Saslow, L. R., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/10494 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Measures of Daily Activities Associated With Mental Health (Things You Do Questionnaire): Development of a Preliminary Psychometric Study and Replication Study
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Bisby, M. A., Nielssen, O. B., Staples, L., Kayrouz, R., Cross, S. P. M., & Karin, E. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/38837 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“One approach involves creating questionnaires to measure the quality and frequency of use of cognitive and behavioral skills (cognitive behavioral therapy) taught in psychological treatments [15-21].”
Layperson-Supported, Web-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial
Xiang, X., Kayser, J., Turner, S., Ash, S., & Himle, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/53001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The 9-item Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale–Short Form, which includes subscales for activation and avoidance, is often used to track changes in the behaviors hypothesized to underlie depression and specifically targeted for change by behavioral activation [37] (Cronbach α =.80).”
A collaborative care psychosocial intervention to improve late life depression in socioeconomically deprived areas of Guarulhos, Brazil: the PROACTIVE cluster randomised controlled trial protocol
Scazufca, M., Nakamura, C. A., Peters, T. J., Henrique, M. G., Seabra, A. C., La-Rotta, E. I. G., Franzin, R. M., Martins, D. F., van de Ven, P. W. J., Hollingworth, W., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04826-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Assessing the effectiveness of enhanced psychological care for patients with depressive symptoms attending cardiac rehabilitation compared with treatment as usual (CADENCE): study protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial
Richards, S. H., Dickens, C. M., Anderson, R., Richards, D. A., Taylor, R. S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Kessler, D. S., Turner, K. M., Kuyken, W., Gandhi, M., et al. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1184-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“To assess when and how participants become activated over the course of their EPC, we will administer the 9-item Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale – Short Form (BADS-SF) [74] at baseline, and the 5-month and 8-month follow-up assessments.”
MethodInfluential
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial protocol
Ehde, D., Alschuler, K., Day, M., Ciol, M., Kaylor, M. L., Altman, J., & Jensen, M. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3761-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Major depressive disorder
Rose, A. L., Hopko, D. R., Lejuez, C. W., & Magidson, J. F. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805469-7.00015-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Integrated Depression Management: A Proposed Trial of a New Model of Care in a Low Vision Rehabilitation Setting
Rees, G., Mellor, D. J., Holloway, E. E., Sturrock, B. A., Hegel, M. T., Casten, R. J., Xie, J., Finkelstein, E. A., Lamoureux, E. L., & Keeffe, J. E. (2013) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.3109/09286586.2013.787102 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The three subscales have shown good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and predictive validity.36 (2) Depressive behaviors: Behavioral Activation Scale-Short Form.37 This measure was developed to assess when and how patients respond to treatment for depression.”
BackgroundInfluential
Internet-based treatment of major depression for patients on a waiting list for inpatient psychotherapy: protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial
Reins, J. A., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Riper, H. M., Cuijpers, P. J., & Berking, M. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-318 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The BADS-SF includes nine items comprising two subscales (activation and avoidance).”
MethodInfluential
The efficacy of behavioural activation treatment for co-occurring depression and substance use disorder (the activate study): a randomized controlled trial
Ross, J. E., Teesson, M., Lejuez, C. W., Mills, K. L., Kaye, S. S., Brady, K. T., Dore, G. M., Prior, K., Larkin, X., Cassar, J., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0943-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Behavioural activation Behavioural Activation for Depression Scale Short Form (BADS-SF; [70]) − + + +”
The factor structure of the cardiac anxiety questionnaire, and validation in a post-MI population
Leissner, P., Held, C., Rondung, E., & Olsson, E. M. G. (2022) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-022-01820-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Both versions have reported good reliability and validity [14, 15].”
Background
Psychometric properties of the French translation of the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale–Short Form (BADS-SF) in non-clinical adults
Wagener, A., der Linden, M. V., & Blairy, S. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.10.008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Reward and Punishment Sensitivity and Emotion Regulation Processes Differentiate Bipolar and Unipolar Depression
Weinstock, L. M., Chou, T., Hoyos, C. C.-D., Miller, I. W., & Gruber, J. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9945-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The frequency of actions and thoughts scale: development and psychometric validation of a measure of adaptive behaviours and cognitions
Terides, M. D., Dear, B. F., Karin, E., Jones, M. P., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V. J., Kayrouz, R., Staples, L., & Titov, N. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1149876 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“This may be due to the fact that the frequency of skills usage behaviours represents state (not trait) characteristics (Manos et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Assessing the effectiveness of Enhanced Psychological Care for patients with depressive symptoms attending cardiac rehabilitation compared with treatment as usual (CADENCE): a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial
Richards, S. H., Dickens, C. M., Anderson, R., Richards, D. A., Taylor, R. S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Turner, K. M., Gandhi, M., Kuyken, W., Gibson, A., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2576-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“To assess patient activation over the course of their EPC, we administered the nine-item Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale – Short Form (BADS-SF) [55], with scores ranging from 0 to 54 and high scores representing greater activation.”
Method
Efficacy, cost-utility and physiological effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Behavioural Activation Treatment for Depression (BATD) in patients with chronic low back pain and depression: study protocol of a randomised, controlled trial including mobile-technology-based ecological momentary assessment (IMPACT study)
Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Forero, C. G., Cristobal-Narváez, P., Suso-Ribera, C., García-Palacios, A., Colomer-Carbonell, A., Pérez-Aranda, A., Andrés-Rodríguez, L., McCracken, L. M., D'Amico, F., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038107 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How to Abbreviate Questionnaires and Avoid the Sins?
Kleka, P., & Soroko, E. (2017) · Survey research methods · doi:10.18148/srm/2018.v12i2.7224 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Perioperative mental health intervention bundle for older surgical patients: protocol for an intervention development and feasibility study
Abraham, J., Holzer, K. J., Lenard, E. M., Freedland, K. E., Pennington, B. R. T., Wolfe, R. C., Cordner, T., Baumann, A. A., Politi, M. C., Avidan, M. S., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062398 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Understanding the effects of a complex psychological intervention on symptoms of depression in Goa, India: findings from a causal mediation analysis
Seward, N., Vansteelandt, S., Moreno‐Agostino, D., Patel, V., & Araya, R. (2022) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2022.116 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Adapting brief Behavioural Activation (BA) for adolescent depression: a case example
Pass, L., Brisco, G., & Reynolds, S. A. (2015) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x15000446 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Activation therapy for the treatment of inpatients with depression – protocol for a randomised control trial compared to treatment as usual
Averill, I. R. E., Beaglehole, B., Douglas, K. M., Jordan, J., Crowe, M., Inder, M., Lacey, C. J., FRAMPTON, C. M. A., Bowie, C. R., & Porter, R. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2038-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Participant adherence will be measured by the 9-item Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale - Short Form [82] completed by participants at baseline, session 4 and session 8.”
Method
Four 2×2 factorial trials of smartphone CBT to reduce subthreshold depression and to prevent new depressive episodes among adults in the community–RESiLIENT trial (Resilience Enhancement with Smartphone in LIving ENvironmenTs): a master protocol
Furukawa, T. A., Tajika, A., Sakata, M., Luo, Y., Toyomoto, R., Horikoshi, M., Akechi, T., Kawakami, N., Nakayama, T., Kondo, N., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067850 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Skills Scale among college students
Sakata, M., Toyomoto, R., Yoshida, K., Luo, Y., Nakagami, Y., Aoki, S., Irie, T., Sakano, Y., Suga, H., Sumi, M., et al. (2021) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2020-300217 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Behavioral Activation as a Mechanism of Change in Residential Treatment for Mood Problems: A Growth Curve Model Analysis
Santos, M. M., Ullman, J. B., Leonard, R. C., Puspitasari, A. J., Cook, J., & Riemann, B. C. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Explaining the efficacy of an internet-based behavioral activation intervention for major depression: A mechanistic study of a randomized-controlled trial
Fu, Z., Burger, H., Arjadi, R., Nauta, M. H., & Bockting, C. L. H. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.5467 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Evaluating a treatment selection approach for online single‐session interventions for adolescent depression
Ahuvia, I. L., Mullarkey, M. C., Sung, J. Y., Fox, K. R., & Schleider, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13822 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Enhanced psychological care in cardiac rehabilitation services for patients with new-onset depression: the CADENCE feasibility study and pilot RCT
Richards, S. H., Campbell, J., Dickens, C. M., Anderson, R., Gandhi, M., Gibson, A., Kessler, D. S., Knight, L., Kuyken, W., Richards, D. A., et al. (2018) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta22300 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes of an Online Weight Loss Program for Men With Low Mood: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Drew, R. J., Morgan, P. J., Collins, C. E., Callister, R., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Kelly, B. J., & Young, M. D. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab109 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mechanisms of an eHealth program targeting depression in men with overweight or obesity: A randomised trial
Drew, R. J., Morgan, P. J., & Young, M. D. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Testing Mechanisms of Change for Text Message–Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Randomized Clinical Trial for Young Adult Depression
Mason, M. J., Coatsworth, J. D., Zaharakis, N. M., Russell, M. A., Brown, A., & McKinstry, S. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/45186 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale, Short Form is a 9-item scale used to assess activation toward goals during the treatment for depression.”
Method
Pathways from Men’s Shed engagement to wellbeing, health-related quality of life, and lower loneliness
McEvoy, P. M., Holmes, K., Smith, B. J., Bullen, J., Chiu, V., Wild, J., Ashley, J., & Talbot, R. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daad084 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Activating Veterans Toward Sources of Reward: A Pilot Report on Development, Feasibility, and Clinical Outcomes of a 12-Week Behavioral Activation Group Treatment
Hershenberg, R., Vickers‐Smith, R., Goodson, J. T., & Thase, M. E. (2017) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.04.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dismantling the relative effectiveness of core components of cognitive behavioural therapy in preventing depression in adolescents: protocol of a cluster randomized microtrial
van den Heuvel, M. W. H., Bodden, D. H. M., Moerbeek, M., Smit, F., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2168-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cultural adaptations of group CBT for depressed clients from diverse backgrounds: A systematic review
Kunorubwe, T. (2023) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x23000302 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mediating effect of environmental rewards on the relation between goal-directed behaviour and anhedonia
Aoki, S., Doi, S. K., Horiuchi, S., Takagaki, K., Kawamura, A., Umeno, R., Fujita, M., Kitagawa, N., & Sakano, Y. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00312-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Although its original version comprised nine items (Manos et al. 2011), the Japanese version contains eight items,”
BackgroundInfluential
Behavioral Activation
Kanter, J. W., & Puspitasari, A. J. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118470886.ch9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Can Simple Psychological Interventions Increase Preventive Health Investment?
Haushofer, J., John, A., & Orkin, K. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25731 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Using a smartphone app to reduce cognitive vulnerability and mild depressive symptoms: Study protocol of an exploratory randomized controlled trial
Giosan, C., Cobeanu, O., Mogoaşe, C., Szentágotai Tătar, A., Mureşan, V., & Boian, R. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1740-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The scale has good psychometric properties [78].”
Pilot randomized clinical trial of an app-based early intervention to reduce PTSD and alcohol use following sexual assault.
Dworkin, E. R., Schallert, M., Lee, C. M., & Kaysen, D. L. (2023) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001460 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A randomized clinical trial of behavioral activation and exposure-based therapy for adults with generalized anxiety disorder
Berg, H. E., Akeman, E., McDermott, T. J., Cosgrove, K. T., Kirlić, N., Clausen, A. N., Cannon, M., Yeh, H., White, E. J., Thompson, W. K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2023.100004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Walk‐and‐Talk Therapy Versus Conventional Indoor Therapy for Men With Low Mood: A Randomised Pilot Study
Dickmeyer, A., Smith, J. J., Halpin, S. A., McMullen, S., Drew, R. J., Morgan, P. J., Valkenborghs, S. R., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., & Young, M. D. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70035 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An open trial of the Things You Do Questionnaire: Changes in daily actions during internet-delivered treatment for depressive and anxiety symptoms
Bisby, M. A., Dear, B. F., Karin, E., Fogliati, R., Dudeney, J. E., Ryan, K., Fararoui, A., Nielssen, O. B., Staples, L., Kayrouz, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.117 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Personalised app-based relapse prevention of depressive and anxiety disorders in remitted adolescents and young adults: a protocol of the StayFine RCT
Robberegt, S. J., Kooiman, B., Albers, C. J., Nauta, M. H., Bockting, C., & Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058560 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Chatbot (Juno) Prototype to Deploy a Behavioral Activation Intervention to Pregnant Women: Qualitative Evaluation Using a Multiple Case Study
Mancinelli, E., Magnolini, S., Gabrielli, S., & Salcuni, S. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/58653 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The BA for Depression Scale-Short Form [58] was used to measure changes in avoidance and activation during BA interventions for depression over the past week.”
Method
Psychosocial Interventions to Improve Wellbeing in Teenage and Young Adult Post‐Treatment Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review
O’Donnell, N., Ellis, L., Morgan, J. E., Gregersen, P. A., Willard, V. W., Howell, D. A., & Phillips, B. (2025) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.70081 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Altered Composition of the Oral Microbiota in Depression Among Cigarette Smokers: A Pilot Study
Bataineh, M. T. A., Künstner, A., Dash, N. R., Abdulsalam, R. M., Al-Kayyali, R. Z. A., Adi, M. B., AlSafar, H. S., Busch, H. S., & Ibrahim, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.902433 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“We have also assessed the behavioral activation for depression scale (BADS), as previously described (17).”
Method

C © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2006 Abstract In Behavioral Activation (BA) for depression
Martell, C. R., Mulick, P. S., & Martell, C. R. (2006)
. The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS): psychometric properties and factor structure.
Kanter, J. W., Mulick, P. S., Busch, A. M., Berlin, K. S., & Martell, C. R. (2007) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9038-5 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Self-citation
The German Version of the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS): A Psychometric and Clinical Investigation
Teismann, T., Ertle, A., Furka, N., Willutzki, U., & Hoyer, J. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1948 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the French Version of the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) in Non-Clinical Adults
Krings, A., Bortolon, C., Yazbek, H., & Blairy, S. (2021) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.542 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Avoidance and activation as keys to depression: Adaptation of the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) in a Spanish sample
Barraca, J., Álvarez, M. P., & Bleda, J. H. L. (2011) · Depósito Digital e-UCJC

Authors: Manos, R. C., Kanter, J. W., & Luo, W.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
Corresponding author: Kanter, Jonathan W.
ORCID: Kanter, Jonathan W.
Luo, Wen
Venue: Behavior Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-12
Volume: 42
Issue: 4
Pages: 726-739
ISSN: 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.004
OpenAlex: W2084940969
Cited by: 276
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 6.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: short-form scale, behavioral activation, depression, scale development, factor analysis, predictive validity, activity monitoring, reward value, university students, cognitive therapy
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Behavior Therapy, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results

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The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale–Short Form: Development and Validation

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