Bridging the theory-practice gap by getting even bolder with the boulder model
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for virtually all psychiatric disorders. However, very few patients have access to it and few therapists are trained in the theory and practice of cognitive behavioral therapy. Based on the existing evidence and the articles of this series, the following recommendations are made: (a) all mental health care providers (including Psy.D. and social workers) need to be trained in the practice and theories of empirically supported treatments, specifically cognitive behavioral therapy; (b) clinical practice also needs to be based on theory, not just treatment manuals; and (c) psychological treatments have to move beyond the DSM boundaries. © 2013 .
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 25 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Interpretationreasoning
The many different CBT protocols may partly result from the DSM.
“One of the reasons for the plethora of the different CBT protocols may be a by-product of the DSM.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Complementary and alternative medicine treatments made up about one third of all mental health visits.
“whereas complementary and alternative medicine treatments accounted for about a third of all mental health visits (Wang et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wang et al., 2005 source
- Premisecitation
ACT is based in functional contextualism, which is different from CBT's philosophical approach.
“Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) differs from this theoretical view. As described by Herbert, Gaudiano, and Forman (this issue), ACT is rooted in functional contextualism, which is quite different from the aforementioned philosophical approach of the contemporary natural sciences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Herbert, Gaudiano, and Forman (this issue)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Training in the science behind treatment procedures probably helps disseminate those treatments.
“This process is likely facilitated if trainees are educated in the underlying science of the treatment procedures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Complex clinical cases cannot be treated in a manualized, lock-step way that is standard for all patients.
“As noted by Baucom and Boeding (this issues), theory is important because treatment of complex clinical cases cannot proceed in a lock-stepped fashion that could be manualized and presented to all patients in a standard manner.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baucom and Boeding (this issue)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
CBT is no longer a single monolithic approach.
“As a result, CBT today is no longer a monolithic approach.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: CBT has undergone extensive scientific scrutiny through RCTs, component analyses, and mediation analyses.
- Premisecitation
For many disorders, including anxiety disorders, most patients receive psychodynamic therapy.
“For many disorders, such as anxiety disorders, most patients receive psychodynamic therapy (Goisman, Warshaw, & Keller, 1999)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goisman, Warshaw, & Keller, 1999 source
- Interpretationcitation
Inadequate clinician training is a major reason why CBT is not the first-line treatment for mental disorders.
“This is in large part due to inadequate training.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective for nearly all psychiatric disorders.
“Cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for virtually all psychiatric disorders.”
- Also stated in: § All health care providers need to be trained in the theory and practice CBT · plain
“In a recent review of meta-analyses, we identified 269 meta-analytic reviews examining CBT for virtually every psychiatric and psychological problem”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § All health care providers need to be trained in the theory and practice CBT · plain
- Premisecitation
A review of meta-analyses found 269 meta-analytic reviews of CBT covering nearly all psychiatric and psychological problems.
“In a recent review of meta-analyses, we identified 269 meta-analytic reviews examining CBT for virtually every psychiatric and psychological problem”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning
The majority of techniques fit both theoretical models.
“Although these issues do not need to be resolved for developing and testing effective treatment manuals (because most techniques are compatible with both theoretical models), they should be taught to our future generations of scientist-practitioners to further advance the field.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The best evidence for CBT concerned anxiety, somatoform, bulimia, anger control, and general stress conditions.
“We found the strongest support of CBT for anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
A survey of 221 training programs found that didactic or clinical supervision in CBT was required by only 20% of PsyD programs and 21% of social work programs, the most popular evidence-based therapy.
“A large national survey of 221 training programs that included training for psychiatrist, PhD- and PsyD-level psychologists, and social workers showed that only 20% of PsyD and 21% of social work programs, the 2 disciplines with the largest number of students, required didactic or clinical supervision in CBT, which was identified by the survey as the most popular form of evidence-based therapy (We”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Weissman et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Graded training that varies in dose, spacing, and scaffolding allows more efficient resource allocation for training heterogeneous groups.
“In such cases, grated trainings that vary in dosing, spacing, and degree of scaffolding, allow for a more efficient allocation of resources for training heterogeneous groups of people (Rakovshik, McManus, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rakovshik, McManus, 2010 source
- Premisecitation
Some researchers have created transdiagnostic CBT protocols that cross diagnostic categories by targeting dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies.
“In an attempt to re-unite these different approaches and to facilitate dissemination, some authors have begun to develop transdiagnostic CBT protocols that cut across diagnostic categories by focusing on specific dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies (e. g., Barlow, Farchione, Fairholme, Ellard, Boisseau, Allen, & May, 2010; Hofmann, Sawyer, Fang, & Asnaani, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Barlow, Farchione, Fairholme, Ellard, Boisseau, Allen, & May, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Hofmann, Sawyer, Fang, & Asnaani, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The CBT model offered an alternative psychological approach to psychiatric categories.
“In contrast, the CBT model provided an alternative, psychological approach to psychiatric categories (e.g., Clark, 1986).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Clark, 1986 source
- Premisenone given
Some treatments require extensive training that depends on the trainee's prior experience and skills.
“In fact, some treatments require extensive training depending on the trainee’s prior experience and skills.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Patients in different DSM categories likely share similar maintenance factors that CBT can effectively target.
“Similarly, patients from different DSM categories very likely share similar maintenance factors that can be effectively targeted by CBT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
- May combine two claims. 13
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationEven simple exposure therapy techniques need solid knowledge of their complex mechanism to achieve the best short- and long-term outcomes.
“However, as Abramowitz notes, even the seemingly easy techniques of exposure therapy require solid knowledge about its underlying and highly complex mechanism in order to achieve maximum short- and long-term outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Abramowitz (this issue)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDSM diagnoses are descriptive, atheoretical, and based mainly on symptoms rather than psychological mechanisms.
“As noted by Abramowitz (this issue), DSM diagnoses are descriptive, atheoretical, and based primarily on symptoms, as opposed to psychological mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Abramowitz (this issue)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 1995, over 20% of doctoral programs did not cover empirically validated treatments even minimally in didactic courses, and internships usually did not require competence in these treatments before completion.
“The APA Division 12 Task Force report (Crits-Christoph et al., 1995) showed that in 1995, over 20% of doctoral training programs did not provide even minimal coverage of empirically validated treatments in didactic courses, and internship programs usually did not require trainees to be competent in any of these treatments before completion of the program.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Crits-Christoph et al., 1995 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNinety percent of psychiatry residency programs offered CBT training, though they reported the most obstacles to such training.
“Interestingly, 90% of the psychiatry residency programs offered CBT trainings, although they reported the highest percentage of obstacles to these trainings (e.g., that the training is “too time-consuming”).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Weissman et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningCBT is a theory-based approach tailored to specific syndromes.
“In contrast, CBT is a theory-based approach that is tailored to specific syndromes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningCBT encourages patients to form hypotheses about their beliefs and to test and revise maladaptive beliefs, leading to reduced emotional distress.
“Following the same philosophical principle, patients in CBT are encouraged to generate hypotheses based on their beliefs (theories) about the world, themselves, and their future. Using exposure procedures and other techniques, the patient is encouraged to test and revise the maladaptive beliefs, which eventually result in a reduction of emotional distress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCritical rationalism holds that knowledge comes only from trying to falsify hypotheses derived from scientific theories.
“The core assumption of critical rationalism is that knowledge can only be gained by attempting to falsify hypotheses that are derived from scientific theories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Popper, 1959
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA good treatment manual can help training and clinical work, but it cannot substitute for solid clinical training and theoretical knowledge.
“Despite its bad reputation (Addis, & Krasnow, 2000), a good treatment manual can be a useful training tool and clinical aid (Kazdin, 2000’ Kendall, 1998), but it cannot replace a solid clinical training and theoretical knowledge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kazdin, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kendall, 1998 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFew patients can access CBT, and few therapists receive training in its theory and practice.
“However, very few patients have access to it and few therapists are trained in the theory and practice of cognitive behavioral therapy.”
- Also stated in: § All health care providers need to be trained in the theory and practice CBT · plain
“However, few patients actually receive evidencebased psychosocial treatments (Insel, 2009; p. 129).”
- Also stated in: § All health care providers need to be trained in the theory and practice CBT · plain
“A large national survey of 221 training programs that included training for psychiatrist, PhD- and PsyD-level psychologists, and social workers showed that only 20% of PsyD and 21% of social work programs, the 2 disciplines with the largest number of students, required didactic or clinical supervision in CBT”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Insel, 2009 source
- cites Weissman et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § All health care providers need to be trained in the theory and practice CBT · plain
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenNearly all empirically supported treatments, particularly CBT, are effective and highly cost-effective.
“Given the efficacy and high cost-effectiveness of virtually all empirically supported treatments, and especially CBT, it is shocking that this treatment is still not the first-line intervention for mental disorders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCBT is usually effective across children, adults, and older adults, and its benefits last longer and need fewer additional treatments than pharmacotherapy.
“These treatments are typically effective with children, adults, and older adults and they last longer and are less likely to require additional treatments than pharmacotherapy (APA, 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites APA, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe first CBT model explained depression's pathological processes, and later versions targeted various DSM categories.
“The initial CBT model was developed to explain the pathological processes in depression (Beck, 2005). Subsequent versions evolved to specifically target the various DSM categories (e.g., Beck & Dozois, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDidactic instruction, workshops, reading, and web-based learning are all important training methods.
“Didactic instructions, workshop, reading and web-based learning are all important training methods (Rakovshik, McManus, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rakovshik, McManus, 2010 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenACT has started to emphasize valued living over symptom reduction as a treatment goal.
“Some approaches, such as ACT, have already began to emphasize valued living over mere symptom reduction as a treatment goal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenCBT is a broad scientific approach for psychological disorders and has underpinned many psychological treatments.
“CBT is a general scientific approach to psychological disorders that has been the foundation of a wide variety of psychological treatments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone givenThe central principle of CBT interventions is that cognitions causally affect emotions and behaviors.
“The overarching principle of these interventions is that cognitions causally influence emotional experiences and behaviors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenExtensive training can be costly or impractical.
“Extensive trainings can be costly or impractical.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningTraining clinicians in CBT science and theory equips them to adapt techniques to any problem, patient, and context.
“Training clinicians in the science and theory of CBT gives clinicians the tools to adopt techniques to any given problem, patient, and context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Similar syndromes within a DSM category vary considerably in their etiological and maintenance factors.
“Within each DSM category, we can assume a considerable degree of heterogeneity of etiological and maintenance factors of similar syndromes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBT has undergone extensive scientific scrutiny through RCTs, component analyses, and mediation analyses.
“Since its beginning, CBT has undergone extensive scientific scrutiny through empirical testing in RCTs, component analyses, and mediation analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The evidence for the idea that cognitions causally influence emotional experiences and behaviors is overwhelming.
“The evidence for this idea is overwhelming.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The optimal methods for training clinicians in CBT and other evidence-based treatments remain unclear.
“Little is known about the best way to train clinicians in CBT and other empirically supported treatments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research has advanced in finding mediators and moderators of treatment change, and these generally back the generic CBT model.
“Our field has made considerable advances in identifying mediators and moderators of treatment change, which are generally in support of the generic CBT model.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most patients continue to get inadequate care from clinicians who lack training.
“The evidence base of CBT is overwhelming, but the majority of patients still receive inadequate care by untrained clinicians.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The interval between the cited articles is 11 years, not more than 20
MinorThe article dates given are 1998 and 2009, which are 11 years apart. The stated interval of more than 20 years is therefore incorrect.
Reported 20 · recomputed 11
“More than 20 years later, Shafran and colleagues wrote an article entitled,Mind the gap: improving the dissemination of CBT (Shafran, Clark, Fairburn, Arntz, Barlow, Ehlers, et al., 2009).”
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Caution: The Differences Between CT and ACT May Be Larger (and Smaller) Than They Appear
Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.09.005 · Cited by 56 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…instead refer the reader to other sources (David & Hofmann, 2013; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Wilson, 2012; Hofmann & Asmundson, 2008), including articles in an upcoming issue of this journal (Hayes, Levin, Plumb, Villatte, & Pistorello, 2013; Herbert & Forman, 2013; Hofmann, Asmundson, & Beck, 2013).”
Directing misperceptions: Researching the issues facing manual-based treatments.
Kendall, P. C. (1998) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00161.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
What Must You Know and Do to Get Good Outcomes With DBT?
Koerner, K. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.03.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dobson, K., & Beshai, S. (2013) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.03.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Herbert, J. D., Gaudiano, B. A., & Forman, E. M. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.03.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Theory-Practice Gap in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Pilecki, B., & McKay, D. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.03.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
ANOTHER ERROR OF DESCARTES? IMPLICATIONS FOR THE "THIRD WAVE" COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
David, D., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationBaucom, D. H., & Boeding, S. E. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.12.004 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…instead refer the reader to other sources (David & Hofmann, 2013; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Wilson, 2012; Hofmann & Asmundson, 2008), including articles in an upcoming issue of this journal (Hayes, Levin, Plumb, Villatte, & Pistorello, 2013; Herbert & Forman, 2013; Hofmann, Asmundson, & Beck, 2013).”
Can fMRI be used to predict the course of treatment for social anxiety disorder?
Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.152 · Cited by 7 · cited 2× · see citing works
“I will resist the temptation to dive into a comparisonof these theoretical perspectives and instead refer the reader to other sources (David & Hofmann, 2013; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Wilson, 2012; Hofmann & Asmundson, 2008), including articles in an upcoming issue of this journal (Hayes, Levin,…”
Self-citation
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2 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Morris, L., Mansell, W., & McEvoy, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00099 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“However, significant numbers of people do not receive evidence-based psychological interventions for psychological problems (Shafran et al., 2009; Castelnuovo, 2010; Hofmann, 2013); a “gap” between research findings and clinical practice (Shafran et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBearman, S. K., & Weisz, J. R. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12092 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Supporting treatment of comorbid youth through improved training and supervision Hofmann (2013) noted that a good treatment manual ‘can be a useful training tool and clinical aid, but it cannot replace a solid clinical training and theoretical knowledge.’”
BackgroundBearman, S. K., Wadkins, M. J., Bailin, A., & Doctoroff, G. L. (2014) · Training and Education in Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/tep0000052 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
To dwell within: Bridging the theory–practice gap
Zieber, M. P., & Wojtowicz, B. (2019) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/nup.12296 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A new conception and subsequent taxonomy of clinical psychological problems
Bakker, G. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0318-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Carrier, J., Gallagher, F., Vanasse, A., & Roberge, P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264368 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The specific training required to attain competency in CBT delivery depends on both the treatment modality and the trainee’s skills and previous experience [46,83,123].”
BackgroundInfluentialPrática baseada em evidências em psicologia e a eficácia da análise do comportamento clínica
Leonardi, J. L. (2016) · doi:10.11606/t.47.2016.tde-27092016-154635 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Más allá de los enfoques: tendencias en Psicología Clínica que trascienden las barreras teóricas.
Sarmiento, N. R. (2018) · Trans-pasando Fronteras · doi:10.18046/retf.i11.2684 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The integration of science and practice: Unique perspectives from counseling psychology students
Kison, S., Moorer, K. D., & Villarosa, M. C. (2015) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1060193 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Since the Boulder Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology in 1949, the field of clinical psychology has increasingly promoted doctoral training in what is known as the scientist–practitioner model (Hofmann, 2013; Vespia & Sauer, 2006).”
BackgroundTakamatsu, N., Zain, E., Lo, K. Y. H., Prelog, P. R., Keynejad, R. C., Andress, C., Motamed, M., Shamspour, M., Quezon‐Santos, A. S. C., Smolarczyk, J., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.70024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
History of Cognitive and Behavior Therapies in Japan: A Behavior Analytic Perspective
Muto, T., & Masuda, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11677-3_32 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leonardi, J. L. (2017) · Acta comportamentalia. · doi:10.32870/ac.v25i2.60155
An Evaluation of the Practice Element Response Form in a Sample of Preservice Trainees
Maesaka, T. J., Shernoff, E. S., & Nakamura, B. J. (2021) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2021.1941428
“The existing literature in this area suggests that the majority of graduate students who plan to enter the mental health field are not being exposed to or trained in EBPs (Calhoun et al., 1998; Hicks et al., 2014; Luebbe et al., 2007; Pidano & Whitcomb, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- ORCID
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 603-608
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4007058
- OpenAlex
- W2063773643
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT007257)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, empirically supported treatments, theory-practice gap, therapist training, access to mental health care, treatment manual, mental health care providers
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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