The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a popular therapeutic approach that has been applied to a variety of problems. The goal of this review was to provide a comprehensive survey of meta-analyses examining the efficacy of CBT. We identified 269 meta-analytic studies and reviewed of those a representative sample of 106 meta-analyses examining CBT for the following problems: substance use disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, depression and dysthymia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, anger and aggression, criminal behaviors, general stress, distress due to general medical conditions, chronic pain and fatigue, distress related to pregnancy complications and female hormonal conditions. Additional meta-analytic reviews examined the efficacy of CBT for various problems in children and elderly adults. The strongest support exists for CBT of anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress. Eleven studies compared response rates between CBT and other treatments or control conditions. CBT showed higher response rates than the comparison conditions in 7 of these reviews and only one review reported that CBT had lower response rates than comparison treatments. In general, the evidence-base of CBT is very strong. However, additional research is needed to examine the efficacy of CBT for randomized-controlled studies. Moreover, except for children and elderly populations, no meta-analytic studies of CBT have been reported on specific subgroups, such as ethnic minorities and low income samples.
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Cognitive behavioral therapies have been shown to improve quit rates and may reduce suicide risk during smoking cessation.
“Cognitive behavioral therapies have been shown to increase success rates and may mitigate suicide risk during smoking cessation.22”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results section on addiction and substance use reports reduced smoking relapse with coping skills partly based on CBT and better smoking-cessation outcomes for CBT than nicotine replacement therapy alone. It does not report that CBT mitigates suicide risk during smoking cessation; its separate discussion of suicidal behaviors concerns children and says evidence is scarce. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCBT has been shown to improve mood symptoms, reduce cravings, and facilitate smoking cessation.
“Through changing thoughts and behaviors, this treatment has been demonstrated to help improve mood symptoms and reduce cravings as well as facilitate smoking cessation.22,50”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results section on addiction and substance use reports that CBT-based approaches reduced smoking relapse and that CBT outperformed nicotine replacement therapy alone in a smoking-cessation meta-analysis. The Discussion also reports support for CBT in treating depressive symptoms. Neither passage reports reduced cravings, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCBT theory holds that mental disorders including mood and addiction disorders are maintained by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors, though etiology may be multicausal including genetic components.
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) theorize that mental disorders, including mood and addiction disorders, are maintained by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors, although the etiology of such disorders may be multicausal, including genetic components.”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
The paper’s Abstract describes cognitive and behavioral maintenance factors, and says emotional components also play a role in maintaining disorders. It discusses CBT for mood and addiction disorders, but our copy does not support the added claim about multicausal etiology or genetic components (searched: genetic components, multicausal etiology). No page number was provided. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence-based psychological treatments for anxiety and depression (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy) are highly effective in reducing symptoms and improving functioning.
“Evidence-based psychological treatments for anxiety and depression (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy) are highly effective in reducing symptoms and improving functioning [1-3].”
From Clinical Effects of Asynchronous Provider-Guided Practice Sessions During Blended Care Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
The Results sections on Anxiety Disorders and Depression and Dysthymia report that CBT improves outcomes: its efficacy for anxiety is consistently strong, while its effect for depression versus no treatment or a waiting list is medium. The cited paper does not establish improved functioning for anxiety or depression, and its findings about CBT do not establish the effectiveness of psychological treatments generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGeneral anxiety is related with neuroticism and the stress caused by individuals' maladaptive patterns of thinking, judging, and responding.
“while general anxiety is related with neuroticism72 and the stress caused by individuals’ maladaptive patterns of thinking, judging, and responding73.”
From Rational thinking as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and dental anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
The paper’s Abstract says maladaptive cognitions contribute to the maintenance of emotional distress, which supports the connection attributed to citation 73. It does not say that these patterns cause stress specifically in generalized anxiety; its Results > Anxiety Disorders section discusses treatment efficacy rather than that causal claim. The neuroticism clause is attached to citation 72, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
CBT has been shown to help in several chronic conditions, including chronic pain, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome.
“A variety of evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatments for depression are available (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), chief among them being CBT, shown to help in several chronic conditions, including chronic pain, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome [37,38].”
From Psychological and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Youth with Serious Physical Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The Results sections on Chronic Pain and Fatigue and Distress Due to General Medical Conditions report benefits for chronic pain and a slight benefit for irritable bowel syndrome. The paper describes evidence for diabetes as limited, with preliminary support for CBT in juvenile diabetes, and does not report a finding for polycystic ovarian syndrome. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCBT is the gold-standard evolving psychological treatment and dominates international guidelines for psychosocial treatments, making it a first-line treatment for many disorders.
“Because of its clear research support, CBT as the gold-standard evolving psychological treatment dominates the international guidelines for psychosocial treatments, making it a first-line treatment for many disorders.”
From Effectiveness of a hybrid arts-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy intervention for patients with non-malignant chronic pain (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (Anxiety Disorders; page unavailable) call CBT a reliable first-line approach for anxiety disorders, and the Discussion describes a strong evidence base across a wide range of psychological problems. But the paper does not establish that CBT dominates international psychosocial-treatment guidelines; its Discussion says many countries have not adopted CBT as a first-line intervention for mental disorders. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCBT performed better than other interventions in the treatment of occupational stress, as shown by 4 meta-analyses.
“4 meta-analyses showed how CBT performed better than the other interventions in the treatment of occupational stress [25].”
From A conversational artificial intelligence agent for a mental health care app: Evaluation study of its participatory design (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results > General Stress section says four meta-analyses examined occupational stress and that most found CBT more effective than other intervention types. It also says one of the four did not compare CBT with other interventions, so the claim overstates what all four showed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe gold standard intervention to treat anxiety is exposure-based CBT.
“The gold standard intervention to treat anxiety is exposure-based CBT (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From Targeting excessive avoidance behavior to reduce anxiety related to asthma: A feasibility study of an exposure-based treatment delivered online (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
The Results (Anxiety Disorders; page unavailable) call CBT a reliable first-line approach for anxiety disorders and report benefits from exposure techniques for several specific disorders. They do not identify exposure-based CBT, rather than CBT generally, as the gold-standard intervention for anxiety; the Discussion also says more evidence is needed to establish CBT’s relative efficacy against other active treatments. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is widely accepted and has been repeatedly found to be effective for a wide range of psychological problems.
“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is widely accepted and has been repeatedly found to be effective for a wide range of psychological problems (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From ICBT program for improving informal caregiver well-being: A qualitative study (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
The Discussion reports that CBT has been studied for a wide range of psychological problems and that its evidence base is generally very strong, especially for anxiety disorders. It also says efficacy is questionable for some problems and that many countries have not adopted CBT as a first-line intervention, so the unqualified claim that it is widely accepted is not established by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe efficacy of CBT for PD/A is supported by the Task Force Report on Empirically Supported Treatments and by meta-analyses reporting important and long-lasting improvements.
“The efficacy of this treatment is supported by The Task Force Report on Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and the 12th Division of the APA.”
From Enhancing In Vivo Exposure in the Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Location-Based Technologies: A Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
The Results section on Anxiety Disorders reports meta-analytic evidence that CBT techniques are effective for panic disorder. The Discussion also describes strong evidence for CBT in anxiety disorders. Our copy does not attribute that support to the Task Force Report or APA Division 12, and the passages on panic disorder do not establish long-lasting improvements. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effects on antenatal depression in this study are highly comparable to those found for ICBT programs and traditional CBT for depression.
“The effects on antenatal depression are highly comparable to those found for ICBT-programs as well as traditional CBT for depression (Hedman et al., 2012;Hofmann et al., 2012;Cuijpers et al., 2013).”
From Internet delivered cognitive behavior therapy for antenatal depression: A randomised controlled trial (2017) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
The Results section, “Depression and Dysthymia” (page unavailable), reports medium effects for CBT for depression compared with control conditions, supporting its use as a reference for traditional CBT effects. The review does not compare those effects with the citing study’s antenatal-depression results, so it cannot establish that they are “highly comparable.” (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCBT is the most well-established psychological treatment for anxiety and depression.
“Cognitive Behav ioural Therapy (CBT) is the most well-established psychological treat ment for anxiety and depression (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From Effects of group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. (2022) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes CBT’s evidence base as enormous and especially strong for anxiety disorders. The Results section on Depression and Dysthymia (page unavailable) reports that CBT is effective for depression, but does not establish it as the most well-established psychological treatment for depression. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCognitive behavioral therapy is broadly effective at reducing many types of mental illness.
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBT) have been shown in recent decades to be broadly effective in reducing many forms of mental illness (Hofmann, Asnanni, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnanni, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
Decades of research show that CBT has robust effects on many mental illnesses, including anxiety disorders.
“Decades of research have clearly demonstrated that CBT has robust effects on many different forms of mental illness, including anxiety disorders (Hofmann et al., 2012)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with its focus on modifying maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, has been associated with reductions in stress-related symptoms and pain intensity.
“Similarly, CBT, with its focus on modifying maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, has been associated with reductions in stress-related symptoms and pain intensity [64].”
From The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Interventions that integrate elements of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) lead to positive outcomes in improving mental health.
“Interventions that integrate elements of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) have been shown to lead to positive outcomes in improving mental health (22).”
From Efficacy of eHealth interventions to reduce depression symptoms in individuals with obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
Changing cognitions and thoughts can help to reduce symptoms.
“Changing cognitions and thoughts can help to reduce symptoms [25].”
From A conversational artificial intelligence agent for a mental health care app: Evaluation study of its participatory design (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Panic patients who believed that they had control over the amount of CO2 they inhaled by turning an inoperative dial were less likely to panic than individuals who knew that they had no control over it.
“Furthermore, panic patients who believed that they had control over the amount of CO 2 they inhaled by turning an inoperative dial were less likely to panic than individuals who knew that they had no control over it 26”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
The Results > Anxiety Disorders section discusses treatments for panic disorder, but not an experiment involving inhaled CO2, an inoperative dial, or perceived control. Searches for the dial experiment and for perceived control during CO2 inhalation found no passage addressing the claimed comparison. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEffective therapies have become available for the treatment of several personality disorders.
“During the past two decades, effective therapies have become available for the treatment of several PDs [14–16].”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Personality disorders are relatively common in the community, and effective treatment is available for some.
“As PDs are relatively common in the community, and effective treatment is available for some, health care workers should be aware of the strong link between PDs and work force exclusion.”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Cognitive behavioral therapies have been found effective in treating individuals presenting with symptoms of anxiety and depression.
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) have been found to be effective in treating individuals presenting with symptoms of anxiety and depression 20, 21 – common complaints of ICs – and hence it is likely an appropriate first choice treatment for ICs.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
A recent review found 269 meta-analytic studies of CBT covering nearly every DSM category.
“A recent review of the literature identified 269 meta-analytic studies examining CBT for nearly every DSM category (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
Medication and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) are effective for anxiety disorders but have limitations, including drug side-effects, drug dependence, and modest efficacy as only about half of anxiety sufferers respond successfully to CBT.
“While medication and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) are effective for anxiety disorders (Bandelow et al., 2015;Olatunji, Cisler, & Deacon, 2010), these treatments have limitations, such as drug side-effects and drug dependence, and modest efficacy as only about half of anxiety sufferers respond successfully to CBT (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Protocolized treatments for specific forms of psychopathology are only effective for a portion of patients.
“It is not surprising then that protocolized treatments for specific forms of psychopathology are only effective for a portion of patients [10].”
From Using person-specific networks in psychotherapy: challenges, limitations, and how we could use them anyway (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
There is accumulating evidence for the efficacy of CBT and MBCT.
“Thus, although there is accumulating evidence for the efficacy of these approaches (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012; Kuyken et al., 2016), their wide-spread availability is currently limited.”
From Beneficial effects of training in self-distancing and perspective broadening for people with a history of recurrent depression (2017) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
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“Further, internet-delivered or guided self-help CBT showed some promise in immediate symptom relief as compared to no treatment, but the long-term maintenance with this modality of CBT remains unclear (Öst, 2008; Coull & Morris, 2011).”
BackgroundEffectiveness of anger treatments for specific anger problems: A meta-analytic review
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“, 2008), but not for outcomes such as low cell count, medication adherence, or when used with marginalized populations such as ethnic minorities and women (Crepaz et al., 2008; Rueda et al., 2006).”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of treatments for perinatal depression
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Psychological interventions for multiple sclerosis.
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“Limited well-controlled studies existed in the study of non-ulcer dyspepsia, multiple sclerosis, physical disability following traumatic injury, non-epileptic seizures, postconcussion syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, Type II diabetes, and burning mouth syndrome (e.g., Soo et al. 2004; Tho…”
BackgroundCrepaz, N., Passin, W. F., Herbst, J. H., Rama, S. M., Malow, R. M., Purcell, D. W., & Wolitski, R. J. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.4 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
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Review and Meta‐analysis of Pharmacotherapy for Binge‐eating Disorder
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BackgroundCognitive-behavioural therapy for late-life anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hendriks, G. J., Oude Voshaar, R. C., Keijsers, G. P. J., Hoogduin, C. A. L., & Van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01190.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
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“Further, internet-delivered or guided self-help CBT showed some promise in immediate symptom relief as compared to no treatment, but the long-term maintenance with this modality of CBT remains unclear (Öst, 2008; Coull & Morris, 2011).”
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“For binge eating disorder, a recent meta-analysis found that psychotherapy and structured self-help yielded large effect sizes, when compared to pharmacotherapy, which yielded medium effect sizes (Vocks et al., 2010).”
ResultTreatment Effectiveness for Male Adolescent Sexual Offenders: A Meta-Analysis and Review
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Treatment of pathological gambling
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Cognitive behavioural therapy for violent behaviour in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis
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Current Directions in the Treatment of Hypochondriasis
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“, psychoeducation, explanatory therapy, cognitive therapy, exposure and response prevention, and behavioral stress management), with effect sizes in the large range, as well as pharmacotherapy treatments (paroxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and nefazodone), which also evidenced large effect sizes (Taylor et al. 2005).”
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“Clinical trials also revealed a large effect size for CBT and/or exposure response prevention for obsessive compulsive disorder, with evidence suggesting that a combination of in vivo and imaginal exposures outperformed the use of only in vivo exposures (Ruhmland & Margraf, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodCognitive-behavioural interventions for children who have been sexually abused
Macdonald, G. M., Higgins, J. P. T., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001930.pub2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR DEPRESSION
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“These findings emerged from examinations of both manic and depressive symptoms associated with bipolar disorder (e.g., Gregory, 2010a, 2010b).”
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Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers (Review)
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“Treatments for smoking cessation found that coping skills, which were partially based on CBT techniques, were highly effective in reducing relapse in a community sample of nicotine quitters (Song et al. 2010), and another metaanalysis noted superiority of CBT (either alone or in com-”
Method[Psychotherapeutic and psychosocial approaches in bipolar disorder: a systematic literature review].
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EFFECTIVENESS OF COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT IN SOCIAL PHOBIA: A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW
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“These findings emerged from examinations of both manic and depressive symptoms associated with bipolar disorder (e.g., Gregory, 2010a, 2010b).”
BackgroundPsychological Treatments for Chronic Pain
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BackgroundChan, E. K. H. (2006) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/365 · Cited by 8 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other studies indicated that pharmacotherapy could be a useful addition to CBT; specifically, combination therapy of CBT with pharmacotherapy was more effective in comparison to CBT alone (Chan, 2006).”
ResultPsychological interventions for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Alex, R., Ferriter, M., Jones, H. G., Duggan, C. F., Huband, N., Gibbon, S., Vӧllm, B., Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., & Lieb, K. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008518 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F. B., et al. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000123 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
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“Despite evidence that cognitive therapy is an efficacious and effective treatment for a number of disorders (Butler et al. 2006; Hofmann et al. 2012, 2013; Hofmann & Smits 2008), dissemination efforts have lagged behind.”
BackgroundCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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“The results from this search were combined with the results from 2 reviews of reviews of the topic (85, 86).”
ResultMental Health Smartphone Apps: Review and Evidence-Based Recommendations for Future Developments
Bakker, D., Kazantzis, N., Rickwood, D., & Rickard, N. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.4984 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
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Machine Learning Approaches for Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry
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The Future of Intervention Science: Process-Based Therapy
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Self-citationCarpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22728 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Self-citationMachine Learning for Precision Psychiatry: Opportunities and Challenges
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Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: A meta-analytic review
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Fulmer, R., Joerin, A., Gentile, B., Lakerink, L., & Rauws, M. (2018) · doi:10.2196/preprints.9782 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
“Tess delivers mental health interventions that have repeatedly been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, such as CBT [23], which maintains a strong evidence base [24].”
The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process-based care
Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20442 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Is the Current Gold Standard of Psychotherapy
David, D., Cristea, I., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
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The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders
Knezevic, E., Nenic, K., Milanovic, V., & Knezevic, N. N. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12232726 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Rettie, H., & Daniels, J. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000710 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
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Prediction as a Humanitarian and Pragmatic Contribution from Human Cognitive Neuroscience
Gabrieli, J. D. E., Ghosh, S., & Whitfield, S. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.047 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
“…validated kind of behavioral treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders is CBT, meta-analyses of which indicate it to be effective for many disorders, including depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder (e.g., Butler et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundUS Preventive Services Task Force, Curry, S. J., Krist, A. H., Owens, D. K., Barry, M. J., Caughey, A. B., Davidson, K. W., Doubeni, C. A., Epling, J. W., Grossman, D. C., et al. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0007 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions to improve mental wellbeing
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“The CBT-influenced sessions encourage users to develop awareness of their thoughts, interpretations, and emotional and physiological responses in order to alter their perception of a situation or create a new, more balanced thought process [57].”
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An overview of and recommendations for more accessible digital mental health services
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A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment
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“, 2004), and many people who have access will not experience symptom relief despite intervention (Collimore & rector, 2014; Coull & Morris, 2011; Hofmann et al., 2012; Sinyor, Schaffeer & Levitt, 2010; Koen & Stein, 2011), highlighting the need for more treatment options.”
BackgroundSakiris, N., & Berle, D. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101751 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
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Risk for mental disorders associated with sexual assault: a meta-analysis
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“CBT is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people to identify and change destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on their behavior and emotions [1].”
BackgroundBerking, M., Ebert, D., Cuijpers, P., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000348448 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Zweerde, T., Bisdounis, L., Kyle, S. D., Lancee, J., & van Straten, A. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.08.002 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
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“The metaanalysis also showed that ICBT yielded a moderate pooled effect when compared to waitlist control condition, which is largely consistent with meta-analyses of traditional face-to-face CBT (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
ResultAnxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification
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“1 3 moderate effects on depression (Hofmann et al. 2012; Zhou et al. 2015).”
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“Research on the efficacy of evidencebased approaches, such as cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), suggest that a large number of patients improve thanks to the interventions they receive (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAnxiety: There is an app for that. A systematic review of anxiety apps: SUCALA et al.
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The effectiveness of compulsory drug treatment: A systematic review
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“We also note that this is likely the case in settings seeking to control the harms of non-opioid substance use disorders such as cocaine use disorder, given that available interventions that have been shown to be effective have been undertaken using voluntary treatment approaches (Castells et al., 2010; Fischer et al.…”
BackgroundPsychological therapies for the management of chronic pain
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Beyond Willpower: Strategies for Reducing Failures of Self-Control
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“8) for anger and aggression (Hofmann et al., 2012) and for gambling (Hedges’s g = .”
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The plasticity of well-being: A training-based framework for the cultivation of human flourishing
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Internet-based mindfulness treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial
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Immersive Virtual Reality and Virtual Embodiment for Pain Relief
Matamala-Gomez, M., Donegan, T., Bottiroli, S., Sandrini, G., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Tassorelli, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00279 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Reducing Crime and Violence: Experimental Evidence from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Liberia
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“est for two reasons: the program’s overwhelming focus on antisocial behaviors, with drug use seen by NEPI as only a modest factor; and the fact that systematic reviews of CBT do not find support for its effectiveness treating substance use disorder (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
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“Similarly, the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for general stress are maintained at follow up, but not increased (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBrain circuits for pain and its treatment
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Cultures for mental health care of young people: an Australian blueprint for reform
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The processes of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses
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“The first application of these ideas to psychotherapy are credited to Beck (1963) and Ellis (1970), in order to explain emotional and behavioral disturbance involved in psychiatric disorders (Hofmann et al. 2012).”
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“It is interesting to note that antidepressant actions, although likely expected to be different between escitalopram, duloxetine (Frampton and Plosker, 2007), and CBT (Hofmann et al., 2012), have similar effects on the immune response.”
InfluentialA cognitive account of belief: a tentative road map
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“Given this overarching influence of belief on our experience, beliefs that are considered dysfunctional or inaccurate are often the target of psychological interventions (Beck, 1976; Young et al., 2003; Hofmann et al., 2012; Kronemyer and Bystritsky, 2014).”
Alcohol, drugs, and violence: A meta-meta-analysis.
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Virtual reality for supporting the treatment of depression and anxiety: scoping review
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“CBT is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people learn how to identify and change destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on behavior and emotions [8].”
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Contemporary cognitive behavior therapy: A review of theory, history, and evidence
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Common versus specific factors in psychotherapy: opening the black box
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“As CBT is the current treatment of choice for most psychological ailments due to its sizeable evidence-base [54] it is important that CFT is directly compared with CBT in terms of its effects.”
BackgroundDeep learning for small and big data in psychiatry
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Chronic Pain and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Integrative Review
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“treatments, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), problem-solving therapy, behavioral therapy, and interpersonal therapy (Barth et al. 2013; Cuijpers et al. 2011a; Hofmann et al. 2012; Hollon and Ponniah 2010).”
BackgroundForsell, E., Bendix, M., Holländare, F., Szymanska von Schultz, B., Nasiell, J., Blomdahl-Wetterholm, M., Eriksson, C., Kvarned, S., Lindau van der Linden, J., Söderberg, E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.013 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“The effects on antenatal depression are highly comparable to those found for ICBT-programs as well as traditional CBT for depression (Hedman et al., 2012; Hofmann et al., 2012; Cuijpers et al., 2013).”
MethodReavell, J., Hopkinson, M., Clarkesmith, D., & Lane, D. A. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000626 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Effect of treatments for depression on quality of life: a meta-analysis
Hofmann, S. G., Curtiss, J., Carpenter, J. K., & Kind, S. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1304445 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“First, the number of clinical trials examining the efficacy of CBT for depression is very large (Hofmann et al., 2012), providing a large sample of potential studies.”
BackgroundSimon, N. M. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.8614 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Moberg, C., Niles, A., & Beermann, D. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12556 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“CBT is among the best-researched nonpharmacological treatments for depression and anxiety [5,6].”
Sleep and Mental Health in Undergraduate Students with Generally Healthy Sleep Habits
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“Cognitive behavioral therapy in particular has been effective at improving nighttime sleep [45–47] and mental health outcomes in individuals with [48] and without insomnia (for a review, see reference [49]).”
BackgroundRathbone, A. L., Clarry, L., & Prescott, J. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.8598 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“CBT focuses on personal connotations added to situations and produces empowering psychological strategies to reevaluate the meanings attributed to situations, promoting learned practice for more positively altered behaviors, emotions, and thoughts [4].”
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Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Loneliness: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
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Recognizing Psychiatric Comorbidity With Reading Disorders
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“No previous systematic review has established the effectiveness of CB interventions when delivered by physiotherapists in routine clinical practice.[8,11,16] Moreover, previous systematic reviews have not assessed whether CB interventions are reported in sufficient detail to allow replication in clinical practice.”
BackgroundSustained and “Sleeper” Effects of Group Metacognitive Training for Schizophrenia
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“to be effective in addressing several health conditions including adult and childhood obesity [17].”
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CBT at the crossroads: the rise of transdiagnostic treatments.
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Critical Care Nurses’ Physical and Mental Health, Worksite Wellness Support, and Medical Errors
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“Despite the well-established efficacy of CBT for treating and preventing psychological disorders [5], barriers to the administration of CBT exist, which may include insufficient therapists, stigmatization, geographical remoteness, long waiting times, and high costs [6].”
Chapter 33. Neuroscience of Psychotherapy
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Emotion Regulation in Adolescent Well-Being and Positive Education
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Sleep Health Promotion Interventions and Their Effectiveness: An Umbrella Review
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“The most common example among the therapies was cognitive behavioral therapy, which aims to support patients in identifying and changing destructive or disturbing patterns of thoughts that negatively affect behavior and emotions [66].”
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“Psychological interventions (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT) have been shown to reduce psychological distress in chronic disease populations [12-14].”
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- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2012-07-31
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 427-440
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC3584580
- OpenAlex
- W2036735145
- Semantic Scholar
- 17c0a3ec0f066a90b84fa336daf8c55391b5254a
- Cited by
- 3,445
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 313 · 2025: 444 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 289 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 373 · 2020: 299 · 2019: 256 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 92.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-01-08)
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937, R01MH078308, R01MH081116)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment efficacy, meta-analysis, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia nervosa, anger management, stress, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, criminal behavior, chronic pain, pregnancy complications, children, older adults, evidence base
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