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Interactions between protected areas and their surroundings in human-dominated tropical landscapes
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) often depend on landscapes surrounding them to maintain flows of organisms, water, nutrients, and energy. Park managers have little authority over the surrounding landscape although land use change and infrastructure development can have major impacts on the integrity of a PA. The need for scientifically-based regional-scale land use planning around protected areas is acute in human-dominated landscapes to balance conservation goals with livelihood needs for fuelwood, fodder, and other ecosystem services. As a first step, we propose the designation of a “zone of interaction” (ZOI) around PAs that encompasses hydrologic, ecological, and socioeconomic interactions between a PA and the surrounding landscape. We illustrate the concept by delineating the ZOI in three Indian PAs - Kanha, Ranthambore, and Nagarahole - using remote sensing, population census, and field data. The ZOI in Ranthambore is three times the size of the park and is largely defined by the socioeconomic interactions with surrounding villages. Ranthambore is located in headwaters and wildlife corridors are largely severed. In Nagarahole, the ZOI is more than seven times larger than the park and includes upstream watershed and elephant corridors. Kanha's ZOI is approximately four times larger than the park and is mostly defined by contiguous surrounding forest. The three examples highlight the differing extents of ZOIs when applying equivalent criteria, even though all are located in densely-populated landscapes. Quantitative understanding of which activities (e.g. collection of forest products, grazing, road construction, tourism development) and which locations within the ZOI are most crucial to conservation goals will enable improved land use planning around PAs in human-dominated landscapes.
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“However, most other PAs across Africa represent now only fragments of formerly much larger ecosystems ( 44 ).”
From Cross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
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“…forest loss close to protected areas can affect ecosystem functions and processes , hamper species dispersal, or induce edge effects (Cameron, 2006; DeFries et al., 2010), protected area management and conservation planning should consider that parks are embedded in larger landscapes which are…”
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“Hence, buffers were created from each protected area to analyse the influence of conservation sites in the landscape (De Fries et al., 2010; Palomo et al., 2012).”
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“…cover in protected areas fairs well relative to adjacent unprotected lands, the protected areas’ ability to preserve species richness and ecological processes is negatively affected by forest loss in surrounding areas, a process which is accentuated in smaller reserves (DeFries et al., 2005, 2010).”
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“Other authors (DeFries et al. 2010, Hansen et al. 2011) have identified the area outside protected areas that directly influence processes and populations within the protected area.”
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“The surroundings of protected areas thus fulfill an important role for biodiversity conservation since they are part of the so-called ‘zone of interaction’ (DeFries et al., 2010), which represents the landscape comprising the protected area and its surroundings, which is linked to the protected area via multiple ecolo…”
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Wild Seve: A Novel Conservation Intervention to Monitor and Address Human-Wildlife Conflict
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“Societal factors, including the interplay between various stakeholders, government agencies, and the local communities, often play an important role in HWC response (Dickman, 2010; Margulies and Karanth, 2018).”
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Producing Diversity: Agroforests Sustain Avian Richness and Abundance in India's Western Ghats
Karanth, K. K., Sankararaman, V., Dalvi, S., Srivathsa, A., Parameshwaran, R., Sharma, S., Robbins, P. F., & Chhatre, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00111 · Cited by 34
Self-citationNeelakantan, A., DeFries, R., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.033 · Cited by 34
Self-citationSemper‐Pascual, A., Sheil, D., Beaudrot, L. H., Dupont, P. P. A., Dey, S., Ahumada, J., Akampurira, E., Bitariho, R., Espinosa, S., Jansen, P. A., et al. (2023) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02060-6 · Cited by 35
Estimating population sizes of leopard cats in the Western Ghats using camera surveys
Srivathsa, A., Parameshwaran, R., Sharma, S., & Karanth, K. U. (2015) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv079 · Cited by 32
“These largescale land-use changes and diversion of nonprotected forests for commercial use have rendered several protected areas isolated with hard habitat edges (Das et al. 2006; DeFries et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationYe, X., Liu, G., Li, Z., Wang, H., & Zeng, Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138533 · Cited by 32
“For instance, declines in the proportion of forest areas were mainly concentrated in 5-km buffers outside three Indian PAs [60].”
BackgroundSpaceborne remote sensing of the world’s protected areas
Gillespie, T. W., Willis, K. S., & Ostermann‐Kelm, S. (2014) · Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/0309133314561648 · Cited by 32
“Vegetation classifications within and around protected areas are also fundamental to long-term management and conservation of biodiversity (DeFries et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2009).”
BackgroundClimate change threatens the most biodiverse regions of Mexico
Esperón‐Rodríguez, M., Beaumont, L. J., Lenoir, J., Baumgartner, J. B., McGowan, J., Correa‐Metrio, A., & Camac, J. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108215 · Cited by 33
Tourism in Protected Areas and Appraisal of Ecotourism in Nepalese Policies
Aryal, C., Ghimire, B., & Niraula, N. (2019) · Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education · doi:10.3126/jthe.v9i0.23680 · Cited by 31
Salomão, R. P., Favila, M. E., & González‐Tokman, D. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105968 · Cited by 32
Global Projections of 21st Century Land-Use Changes in Regions Adjacent to Protected Areas
Beaumont, L. J., & Duursma, D. E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043714 · Cited by 30
“organisms, water, nutrients and energy [8].”
Surasinghe, T. D., & Baldwin, R. F. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0307 · Cited by 31
Jane Southworth, B., Hartter, J., Binford, M. W., Goldman, A. C., Chapman, C. A., Chapman, L. J., Omeja, P. A., & Binford, E. (2010) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/194008291000300202 · Cited by 29
Monteiro, C. D. S., Espósito, M. C., & Juen, L. (2016) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-016-9895-5 · Cited by 29
“2010), given that any impacts will eventually be leached into protected areas, resulting in the loss of many species (DeFries et al. 2010; Freeman et al. 2007).”
BackgroundComparative evaluation of tiger reserves in India
Post, G. S., & Pandav, B. (2013) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0554-9 · Cited by 27
“We did not evaluate other potentially important geographic factors such as location of watersheds, presence of migration corridors, and types of surrounding land uses (DeFries et al. 2010).”
BackgroundLarge herbivore populations outside protected areas in the human-dominated Western Ghats, India
Punjabi, G. A., & Rao, M. K. (2017) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2017.05.004 · Cited by 26
Early warning sign of forest loss in protected areas
Buřivalová, Z., Hart, S. J., Radeloff, V. C., & Srinivasan, U. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.072 · Cited by 29
Estimating potential illegal land development in conservation areas based on a presence-only model
Lin, J., Li, H., Zeng, Y., He, X., Zhuang, Y., Liang, Y., & Lu, S. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115994 · Cited by 27
Basque Centre for Climate Change, U. O. T. B. C., Palomo, I., Múgica, M., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, M., Piñeiro, C., EUROPARC-Spain, F. F. G. B., Martín‐López, B., Leuphana University of Lüneburg, F. O. S., Montes, C., & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, M. (2017) · PARKS · doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2017.parks-23-1ip.en · Cited by 29
Protected Areas as Frontiers for Human Migration
Zommers, Z. A., & Macdonald, D. W. (2012) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01846.x · Cited by 26
“We also suggest creating regional land-use plans that account for land-use change outside protected areas (DeFries et al. 2010).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Biodiversity Contributions of Small Protected Areas Presents Many Challenges
Baldwin, R. F., & Fouch, N. (2018) · Land · doi:10.3390/land7040123 · Cited by 26
Penjor, U., Tan, C. K. W., Wangdi, S., & Macdonald, D. W. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108196 · Cited by 24
Dembélé, F., Guuroh, R. T., Ansah, P. B., Asare, D.-C. B. M., Da, S. S., Aryee, J. N. A., & Adu‐Bredu, S. (2024) · Trees Forests and People · doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100507 · Cited by 32
Adhikari, S., Jane Southworth, B., & Nagendra, H. (2014) · Journal of Land Use Science · doi:10.1080/1747423x.2014.920425 · Cited by 25
Prakash, N., Mudappa, D., Raman, T. R. S., & Kumar, A. (2012) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/194008291200500107 · Cited by 25
“Thus it is important to integrate the management of such modified landuses with the management of protected areas in the landscape [3,8].”
Digital surveillance technologies in conservation and their social implications
Simlai, T., & Sandbrook, C. G. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198850243.003.0012 · Cited by 24
Natural and human impact on land use change of the Sikkimese-Bhutanese Himalayan Piedmont, India
Prokop, P., & Sarkar, S. (2012) · Quaestiones Geographicae · doi:10.2478/v10117-012-0010-z · Cited by 24
Bühne, H. S. T., Wegmann, M., Durant, S. M., Ransom, C., Ornellas, P. D., Grange, S., Beatty, H., & Pettorelli, N. (2017) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.47 · Cited by 23
“Additionally, using SRS allows simultaneous monitoring of protected areas and their surrounding landscape (Wright et al. 2007; Gillespie et al. 2008), which makes it possible to gauge the impact of pressures arising from outside protected areas (DeFries et al. 2010; Laurance et al. 2012).”
MethodGubbi, S., Mukherjee, K., Swaminath, M. H., & Poornesha, H. C. (2015) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605314000751 · Cited by 24
Ghaderi, Z., Shahabi, E., Fennell, D. A., & Khoshkam, M. (2022) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2022.2048812 · Cited by 22
“Resolving potential conflicts between these relatively two contradicting goals is particularly challenging in developing economies and at the intersection of natural heritage and economic development (DeFries, Karanth, and Pareeth 2010).”
BackgroundTourism on the roof of the world: Socio-ecological impacts of tourism on the Indian Trans-Himalaya
Mahar, N., Dobriyal, P., Badola, R., & Hussain, S. A. (2024) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.107031 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- DeFries, R., Karanth, K. K., & Pareeth, S.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Centre For Wildlife Studies (IN)
- Corresponding author
- DeFries, Ruth
- Venue
- Biological Conservation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2870-2880
- ISSN
- 0006-3207 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2135328819
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 14.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Conservation (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- protected areas, anthropogenic landscapes, land use planning, ecosystem services, ecological corridors, watershed connectivity, human-wildlife interactions, conservation and livelihoods, Kanha National Park, road construction impacts, tourism development
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