Increasing the pore sizes of bone-mimetic electrospun scaffolds comprised of polycaprolactone, collagen I and hydroxyapatite to enhance cell infiltration
Open accessAbstract
Bone-mimetic electrospun scaffolds consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL), collagen I and nanoparticulate hydroxyapatite (HA) have previously been shown to support the adhesion, integrin-related signaling and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), suggesting these matrices serve as promising degradable substrates for osteoregeneration. However, the small pore sizes in electrospun scaffolds hinder cell infiltration in vitro and tissue-ingrowth into the scaffold in vivo, limiting their clinical potential. In this study, three separate techniques were evaluated for their capability to increase the pore size of the PCL/col I/nanoHA scaffolds: limited protease digestion, decreasing the fiber packing density during electrospinning, and inclusion of sacrificial fibers of the water-soluble polymer PEO. The PEO sacrificial fiber approach was found to be the most effective in increasing scaffold pore size. Furthermore, the use of sacrificial fibers promoted increased MSC infiltration into the scaffolds, as well as greater infiltration of endogenous cells within bone upon placement of scaffolds within calvarial organ cultures. These collective findings support the use of sacrificial PEO fibers as a means to increase the porosity of complex, bone-mimicking electrospun scaffolds, thereby enhancing tissue regenerative processes that depend upon cell infiltration, such as vascularization and replacement of the scaffold with native bone tissue.
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The prepared scaffold had a pore size too small for cell infiltration.
“As the pore size of the prepared scaffold was less, there was no cell infiltration process.”
From Nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen composite as scaffold material for bone regeneration. (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
Results §3.2 reports that MSCs remained largely on the surface of collagenase-treated scaffolds, with negligible infiltration; the Discussion says the pores created by that treatment were insufficient for MSC infiltration. But Results §3.6 measures some infiltration even in scaffolds without PEO (6.13 μm), and substantially more in scaffolds made with PEO. The source supports limited infiltration in the smaller-pored scaffolds, not an absolute absence of infiltration in all prepared scaffolds. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPhipps et al. prepared an electrospun scaffold using polycaprolactone, HA, and collagen.
“Phipps et al [76] prepared an electrospun scaffold using polycaprolactone, HA, and collagen.”
From Nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen composite as scaffold material for bone regeneration. (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
Introducing water-soluble PEO as a sacrificial polymer and removing it with water introduced more pores in the electrospun scaffold.
“Here, the PEO acted as a sacrificial polymer where after the electrospinning process, the scaffold was treated with water to remove PEO introducing more pores in the scaffold (figures 5(e)-(g)).”
From Nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen composite as scaffold material for bone regeneration. (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
MSCs were present only on the surface of the scaffold in the cell infiltration analysis.
“Figures 5(h) and (i) demonstrate that the MSCs were present only on the surface”
From Nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen composite as scaffold material for bone regeneration. (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- Phipps, M. C., Clem, W. C., Grunda, J. M., Clines, G. A., & Bellis, S. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bellis, Susan L.
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 524-534
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3381740
- OpenAlex
- W2053585356
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 12.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR051539, R01AR51539, P30AR048311)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (T32EB004312)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Silk-based biomaterials and applications
- Keywords
- electrospun scaffolds, pore size, polycaprolactone, type I collagen, hydroxyapatite, mesenchymal stem cells, cell infiltration, poly(ethylene oxide), porosity, osteoregeneration, vascularization, tissue ingrowth
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Adhesion, Extracellular Matrix, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Polyesters, Porosity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Durapatite, Bone Substitutes, Tissue Engineering, Collagen Type I, Biomimetic Materials, Cell Proliferation, Rats, Tissue Scaffolds, Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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