Controlling the porosity of fibrous scaffolds by modulating the fiber diameter and packing density
Abstract
Porosity has been shown to be a key determinant of the success of tissue engineered scaffolds. A high degree of porosity and an appropriate pore size are necessary to provide adequate space for cell spreading and migration as well as to allow for proper exchange of nutrients and waste between the scaffold and the surrounding environment. Electrospun scaffolds offer an attractive approach for mimicking the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue engineering applications. The efficacy of electrospinning is likely to depend on the interaction between cells and the geometric features and physicochemical composition of the scaffold. A major problem in electrospinning is the tendency of fibers to accumulate densely, resulting in poor porosity and small pore size. The porosity and pore sizes in the electrospun scaffolds are mainly dependent on the fiber diameter and their packing density. Here we report a method of modulating porosity in three dimensional (3D) scaffolds by simultaneously tuning the fiber diameter and the fiber packing density. Nonwoven poly(ε‐caprolactone) mats were formed by electrospinning under various conditions to generate sparse or highly dense micro‐ and nanofibrous scaffolds and characterized for their physicochemical and biological properties. We found that microfibers with low packing density resulted in improved cell viability, proliferation and infiltration compared to tightly packed scaffolds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
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Several physical factors of ECMs, including stiffness and topography, influence macrophage polarization and determine outcomes of wound healing and tissue remodeling.
“Several physical factors of ECMs have been evidenced to influence macrophages polarization and determine the outcomes of wound healing and tissue remodeling, including stiffness, topography and so on [[27], [28], [29]].”
From Substrate stiffness modulates bone marrow-derived macrophage polarization through NF-κB signaling pathway (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The pore size, porosity and surface area to volume ratio were measured using a method described by Soliman et al.
“The pore size, porosity and surface area to volume ratio of the scaffolds was measured using a method described by Soliman et al. [26].”
From Macrophage functional polarization (M1/M2) in response to varying fiber and pore dimensions of electrospun scaffolds (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
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- Authors
- Soliman, S., Sant, S., Nichol, J. W., Khabiry, M., Traversa, E., & Khademhosseini, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Khademhosseini, Ali
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01-10
- Volume
- 96A
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 566-574
- ISSN
- 1549-3296 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4965
- OpenAlex
- W1978834091
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 6.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Silk-based biomaterials and applications
- Keywords
- electrospun scaffolds, porosity, fiber diameter, fiber packing density, polycaprolactone, nanofibers, microfibers, pore size, cell viability, cell proliferation, cell infiltration, tissue engineering scaffolds, extracellular matrix mimicry
- MeSH terms
- Cell Survival, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Polyesters, Umbilical Veins, Porosity, Tissue Engineering, Endothelial Cells, Cell Shape, Cell Proliferation, Tissue Scaffolds, Mechanical Phenomena, Nanofibers
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