The DOI matches its Crossref record; 229 of the 240 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The importance of immune checkpoints in immune monitoring: A future paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer
Open accessAbstract
The growth and development of cancer are directly correlated to the suppression of the immune system. A major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy depends on various mechanisms to detect immunosuppressive factors that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Immune checkpoints are expressed on many immune cells such as T-cells, regulatory B cells (Bregs), dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells (NKs), regulatory T (Tregs), M2-type macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Immune inhibitory molecules, including CTLA-4, TIM-3, TIGIT, PD-1, and LAG-3, normally inhibit immune responses via negatively regulating immune cell signaling pathways to prevent immune injury. However, the up-regulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints during tumor progression on immune cells suppresses anti-tumor immune responses and promotes immune escape in cancer. It has recently been indicated that cancer cells can up-regulate various pathways of the immune checkpoints. Therefore, targeting immune inhibitory molecules through antibodies or miRNAs is a promising therapeutic strategy and shows favorable results. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are introduced as a new immunotherapy strategy that enhance immune cell-induced antitumor responses in many patients. In this review, we highlighted the function of each immune checkpoint on different immune cells and therapeutic strategies aimed at using monoclonal antibodies and miRNAs against inhibitory receptors. We also discussed current challenges and future strategies for maximizing these FDA-approved immunosuppressants' effectiveness and clinical success in cancer treatment.
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“Nonetheless, it has been proved that this phenotype also has increased immunogenic properties inducing high immune cell infiltration, particularly from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [12,43].”
From Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
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1 retracted
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Signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer
Lei, Z., Teng, Q., Qin, T. L., Chen, W., Xie, Y., Wu, K., Zeng, Q., Zeng, L., Pan, Y., Chen, Z., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01190-w · Cited by 338
“Immune checkpoints are modulators of the immune system that either promote (co-stimulatory molecules) or stop signaling (co-inhibitory molecules) in immune cells and control their activity, thus, playing a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis in immune cells.(368,369) The first immune checkpoint molecule, cy…”
BackgroundUnraveling the tumor microenvironment: Insights into cancer metastasis and therapeutic strategies
El‐Tanani, M., Rabbani, S. A., Babiker, R. A., Rangraze, I. R., Kapre, S., Palakurthi, S. S., Alnuqaydan, A. M., Aljabali, A. A. A., Rizzo, M., El‐Tanani, Y., et al. (2024) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216894 · Cited by 212
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Mechanisms of immune modulation in the tumor microenvironment and implications for targeted therapy
Czajka‐Francuz, P., Prendes, M. J., Mankan, A. K., Quintana, Á., Pabla, S., Ramkissoon, S. H., Jensen, T. J., Peiró, S., Severson, E. A., Achyut, B. R., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1200646 · Cited by 73
Metadata
- Authors
- Alemohammad, H., Najafzadeh, B., Asadzadeh, Z., Baghbanzadeh, A., Ghorbaninezhad, F., Najafzadeh, A., Safarpour, H., Bernardini, R., Brunetti, O., Sonnessa, M., Fasano, R., Silvestris, N., & Baradaran, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Tabriz (IR)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Birjand University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- University of Catania (IT)
- Istituto Tumori Bari (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Silvestris, Nicola
- Baradaran, Behzad
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 146
- Pages
- 112516
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4200317153
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 240
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- immune checkpoint, cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor immune evasion, CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, LAG-3, regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory B cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, monoclonal antibodies, microRNA, antitumor immunity
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Immune Checkpoint Proteins, Neoplasms, Monitoring, Immunologic, Signal Transduction, Down-Regulation, Up-Regulation, Tumor Escape, MicroRNAs
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