The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 61 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Hyperactive Error Responses and Altered Connectivity in Ventromedial and Frontoinsular Cortices in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) show abnormal functioning in ventral frontal brain regions involved in emotional/motivational processes, including anterior insula/frontal operculum (aI/fO) and ventromedial frontal cortex (VMPFC). While OCD has been associated with an increased neural response to errors, the influence of motivational factors on this effect remains poorly understood. Methods To investigate the contribution of motivational factors to error processing in OCD, and to examine functional connectivity between regions involved in the error response, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were measured in 39 OCD patients (20 unmedicated, 19 medicated) and 38 control subjects (20 unmedicated, 18 medicated) during an error-eliciting interference task where motivational context was varied using monetary incentives (null, loss, and gain). Results Across all errors, OCD patients showed reduced deactivation of VMPFC and greater activation in left aI/fO as compared to controls. For errors specifically resulting in a loss, patients further hyperactivated VMPFC as well as right aI/fO. Independent of activity associated with task events, OCD patients showed greater functional connectivity between VMPFC and regions of bilateral aI/fO and right thalamus. Conclusions OCD patients show greater activation in neural regions associated with emotion and valuation when making errors, which could be related to altered intrinsic functional connectivity between brain networks. These results highlight the importance of emotional/motivational responses to mistakes in OCD, and point to the need for further study of network interactions in the disorder.
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Claims the paper makes
49 Own result · 25 Not checked yet · 10 Own interpretation · 3 Own method · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examination of parameter estimates from left aI/fO revealed a positive signal relative to implicit baseline for both errors and corrects in all groups”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results from targeted analyses of aI/fO also showed greater right aI/fO activity in loss as compared to null errors in OCD patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was a main effect of medication in left aI/fO (p = .01, Figure 2C), with greater error signal for unmedicated than medicated patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Control and OCD groups exhibited similar patterns of activations for errors > corrects, averaged across incentive value, within the FST area”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independent of activity associated with task events, OCD patients showed greater functional connectivity between VMPFC and regions of bilateral aI/fO and right thalamus.”
- Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · plain
“Group comparisons revealed significantly more positive coupling of VMPFC with right aI/fO in OCD (Figure 4A).”
- Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · hedged
“OCD patients also exhibited more positive connectivity between VMPFC and left aI/fO as well as VMPFC and right thalamus, although this may be due to differences in generalized depression and anxiety”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD patients exhibited more activity in VMPFC for loss than for null errors”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Whereas control subjects showed no differences between loss and null errors”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For errors specifically resulting in a loss, patients further hyperactivated VMPFC as well as right aI/fO.”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“OCD patients exhibited more activity in VMPFC for loss than for null errors (Figure 3A).”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“Results from targeted analyses of aI/fO also showed greater right aI/fO activity in loss as compared to null errors in OCD patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant deactivations were found for either group.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were no regions where controls showed greater activity than patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“areas within VMPFC are densely interconnected and strongly positively correlated (38, 59)”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [38] Bouret, 2010, Ventromedial and orbital prefrontal neurons differentially encode internally and externally driven motivational values in monkeys, J Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says VMPFC is heavily interconnected with limbic and autonomic structures, not that areas within VMPFC are interconnected. The Results passages concern neuronal responses to task events; neither they nor the searched passages report strong positive correlations among areas within VMPFC. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [59] Andrews-Hanna, 2010, Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network, Neuron sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion section on the default network’s core and subsystems describes vMPFC as part of a tightly correlated subsystem, and Experiment 2 reports strong correlations among regions within each subsystem. These passages concern correlations between vMPFC and other regions, not dense interconnections or strong positive correlations among areas within vMPFC itself. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While there was no effect of medication (p = .25), VMPFC deactivation was smallest in mOCD and greatest in mPC subjects (trend medication-by-diagnosis interaction, p = .067, Figure 2C).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parameter estimates from VMPFC revealed negative signals relative to implicit baseline for null errors in all four groups and for loss errors in both control groups.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Groups did not differ in number of errors or perception of error frequency (p > .1 for all effects)”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Behavioral
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD patients were more flustered by mistakes (F (1,73) = 5.8, p = .02) and marginally more frustrated with their performance (F (1,73) = 3.3, p = .075).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Behavioral
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While both groups showed VMPFC deactivation in response to errors, the extent of this deactivation was larger for controls”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with a post-hoc ANOVA on contrast estimates (errors > corrects) revealing no effect of incentive (p = .54) and no interaction between incentive and diagnosis (p = .11).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc ANOVAs on contrast estimates (errors > corrects) revealed no effect of incentive (p = .11) or incentive-by-diagnosis interaction (p = .35), suggesting a relative failure of VMPFC deactivation in OCD for all three errors types (null, fail-to-gain, and loss).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group comparisons yielded significant differences in VMPFC (Figure 3B), with no other regions surviving correction; however, OCD patients also showed greater activity than controls in right aI/fO when correcting within aI/fO ROIs.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all errors, OCD patients showed reduced deactivation of VMPFC and greater activation in left aI/fO as compared to controls.”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“While both groups showed VMPFC deactivation in response to errors, the extent of this deactivation was larger for controls (Figure 2A and Table 1), leading to a significant OCD > control difference for errors > corrects (Figure 2B).”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“results from a targeted analysis of aI/fO showed significantly greater activation in left aI/fO in OCD patients than controls (Figure 2B).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc ANOVAs performed on parameter estimates extracted from these regions revealed a medication-by-diagnosis interaction in right aI/fO (p = .04, see Figure 4B), indicating that mOCD patients showed the most positive connectivity with VMPFC while mPCs showed the least.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc ANOVAs on contrast estimates (loss > null errors) revealed no effects of medication and no medication-by-diagnosis interactions in either region (Figure 3C).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas controls exhibited negative connectivity between VMPFC and pMFC as well as a region of left aI/fO located superior and posterior to aI/fO areas showing positive connectivity with VMPFC, no negative coupling was found in OCD patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extent of positive coupling between VMPFC and aI/fO was greater in OCD patients than controls, and overlapped with aI/fO regions that were activated in the errors > corrects and loss > null errors contrasts in patients”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD patients also exhibited more positive connectivity between VMPFC and left aI/fO as well as VMPFC and right thalamus, although this may be due to differences in generalized depression and anxiety”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD patients showed significantly more activity for errors when they failed to gain money as compared to null errors in right aI/fO (x = 51, y = 27, z = -12, k = 43, z = 4.02), with no deactivations.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No interactions were found for left aI/fO and thalamus, and no main effects of medication were found in any regions.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD patients show greater activation in neural regions associated with emotion and valuation when making errors, which could be related to altered intrinsic functional connectivity between brain networks.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased error-related VMPFC activity has been reported in OCD (12), perhaps reflecting an inability of patients to disengage from automatic evaluative processes when errors occur.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Fitzgerald, 2005, Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Biol Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple regression analyses probed for effects of generalized depression and anxiety, OC symptom severity, and SRI dosage on neural activity in regions exhibiting group differences”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Methods and Materials > Data Analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that the enhanced error response in OCD may be due to an overvaluation of error significance potentially related to altered intrinsic connectivity between regions involved in valuation and emotion.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, VMPFC deactivation in healthy adults may be modulated by saliency signals coming from aI/fO (18), suggesting that interactions between these regions may impact how errors are processed.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“was found to differ between OCD patients and controls based on whether errors were associated with a monetary loss versus no loss (41).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Luck, 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“There is evidence that OCD involves an overactive error signal indicating that “something is wrong” (2), leading to ritualistic behaviors aimed at preventing harmful consequences of perceived “mistakes.””
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Pitman, 1987, A cybernetic model of obsessive-compulsive psychopathology, Compr Psychiatry source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While error-related activation in pMFC may signal the presence of cognitive events that require behavioral control, such as detecting mismatch between actual and intended responses (i.e., response conflict) (24, 25), aI/fO and adjacent lateral OFC may be preferentially linked to the emotional/motivational salience of errors, consistent with their role in somatic-autonomic and evaluative processes”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Carter, 1998, Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Botvinick, 2001, Conflict monitoring and cognitive control, Psychol Review source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Craig, 2009, How do you feel—now?, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Simmons, 2004, Anticipation of emotionally aversive visual stimuli activates right insula, Neuroreport source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Paulus, 2006, An insular view of anxiety, Biol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Critchley, 2005, Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration, J Comp Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Cechetto, 2009, Functional neuroanatomy of autonomic regulation, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Kringelbach, 2004, The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology, Prog Neurobiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“VMPFC plays a role in internal mentation and automatic value judgments (36-38), in contrast to lateral OFC, which may be associated with externally-triggered valuation (39).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Hare, 2009, Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Buckner, 2008, The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Bouret, 2010, Ventromedial and orbital prefrontal neurons differentially encode internally and externally driven motivational values in monkeys, J Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“aI/fO may respond to the perceived value of external events, in contrast to pMFC, which may be more engaged in processing cognitive information (21) or the initiation of volitional behaviors when responding to salient events (23).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Subjects provided written informed consent and were evaluated by a trained clinician using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis (43).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Methods and Materials > Subjects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Goodman, 1989, The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous research suggests that aI/fO, along with pMFC/dACC, is part of a network responding to salient external events (18, 19).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Seeley, 2007, Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control, J Neurosci source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One- and two-sample t-tests were thresholded with an alpha of .05, cluster-level corrected for multiple comparisons within the FST search area using Monte-Carlo simulations as implemented by AlphaSim in AFNI (49, 50).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Methods and Materials > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Ward
- Not checked yetcites [50] Preuschoff, 2008, Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk, J Neurosci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although OCD patients exhibit an increased ERN, which has a source in pMFC (67)”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent data suggests that aI/fO may be a central “hub” that initiates switching between central executive and default modes of processing (18).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Performance feedback provided on each trial was used to increase motivation, but made it impossible to disentangle neural activity to responses versus feedback.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“VMPFC, a region of DMN that has been associated with a variety of motivational behaviors, including the experience of positive and negative emotions (45, 53-55), self-referential processing (56), and risky decision-making (57, 58).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Yang, 2002, Simultaneous perfusion and BOLD imaging using reverse spiral scanning at 3T: Characterization of functional contrast and susceptibility artifacts, Magn Reson Med source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Phan, 2002, Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [54] O'Doherty, 2003, Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices, J Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Phan, 2004, Neural correlates of individual ratings of emotional salience: A trial-related fMRI study, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Clark, 2008, Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making, Brain source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our results highlight the role of motivational brain systems in OCD, pointing to an overvaluation of errors related to alteration in functional relationships between networks processing external salience and emotional-evaluative internal thought”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Right aI/fO in particular has been associated with sympathetic arousal (29) and anticipation of aversive stimuli (26).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there have been inconsistent results regarding the location of medial frontal increases in OCD, with one fMRI study finding differences only in VMPFC (12), another only in pMFC (7), and others in both regions (9, 35).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Fitzgerald, 2005, Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Biol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Ursu, 2003, Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psychol Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Maltby, 2005, Dysfunctional action monitoring hyperactivates frontal-striatal circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An event-related fMRI study, Neuroimage source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Including medicated patient controls with a history of depression in the control group allows group differences to be attributed to OCD rather than to depression or medication effects.
“As the majority of OCD patients had a history of major depression (see Methods and Materials in the Supplement), a comparison of OCD and controls groups both including medicated patients with history of depression allowed us to better localize group differences to the presence of OCD instead of depression or medication effects”
The paper relies on this without support.
OCD involves attributing pathological levels of importance to simple behavioral errors or perceived errors.
“particularly relevant for a disorder where pathological levels of importance are attributed to simple behavioral errors (or perceived errors).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little prior work has investigated how the emotional or motivational significance of errors affects OCD.
“Despite the fact that OCD patients show alterations in motivational brain systems, little work has investigated the impact of the emotional/motivational significance of errors in OCD”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, the development of ACC cognitive control function depends not only on the maturation of its connections within FSTC, but also on its role within other brain networks (e.g., cingulopercular network for task control13) implicated in both pediatric9 and adult28 OCD.”
From Developmental alterations of frontal-striatal-thalamic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Seemingly, the results appear inconsistent with reports of an overactive monitoring system in OCD (Gehring et al. 2000; Stern et al. 2011).”
From Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task (2013) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with the finding that neural hyperactivations associated with errors in OCD, in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula/frontal operculum, are even greater when the errors are associated with monetary loss (Stern et al. 2011).”
From Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task (2013) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
In the citing paper
“The pallidum is involved in habitual behavior and learning(78,79).”
From Functional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, exaggerated responses to errors are a consistent finding in OCD, with a number of prior studies showing an overactivation of frontal responses to error processing in OCD in both fMRI research (Stern et al. 2011; Ursu et al. 2003) and EEG error-related negativity studies (Gillan et al. 2017; Mathews et al. 2012).”
From Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(31.7) = 1.8reported p = .078 · recomputed p = .081
“t (31.7) = 1.8, p = .078”
- ConsistentF(1, 73) = 5.8reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .019
“F (1,73) = 5.8, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 73) = 3.3reported p = .075 · recomputed p = .073
“F (1,73) = 3.3, p = .075”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, Use, and Reliability
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 · Cited by 7,712
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657
(2005) · Cited by 5,977
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
Yudofsky, S. C., & Hales, R. E. (1992) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.4.4.359 · Cited by 3,818
Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Bechara, A. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 · Cited by 3,589
Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI
Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 · Cited by 3,502
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways
Milad, M. R., & Rauch, S. L. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.003 · Cited by 847
Milad, M. R., Furtak, S. C., Greenberg, J. L., Keshaviah, A., Im, J. J., Falkenstein, M. J., Jenike, M., Rauch, S. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.914 · Cited by 308
Harmonizing the Neurobiology and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Goodman, W. K., Storch, E. A., & Sheth, S. A. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20111601 · Cited by 281
Stern, E. R., Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036356 · Cited by 245
“Many anxiety disorders [72], including OCD [8,9,73,74], are characterized by increased activation of anterior insula; as such, the hyper-connectivity between insula and DMN revealed by the current study may be more related to an anxiety phenotype than other psychopathologies, although direct comparisons between disord…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGoodman, W. K., Grice, D. E., Lapidus, K. A. B., & Coffey, B. J. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004 · Cited by 221
Metadata
- Authors
- Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., Lister, J. J., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stern, Emily R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 583-591
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3059508
- OpenAlex
- W2054985367
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c45733ffd6c107fa72452ee11089962ddd55179
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH071821, K23MH082176, F32 MH082573)
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, error processing, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, frontal operculum, functional connectivity, financial incentives, motivational context, thalamus
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Cerebral Cortex, Cues, Emotions, Feedback, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Photic Stimulation, Severity of Illness Index
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