The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 61 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Hyperactive Error Responses and Altered Connectivity in Ventromedial and Frontoinsular Cortices in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) show abnormal functioning in ventral frontal brain regions involved in emotional/motivational processes, including anterior insula/frontal operculum (aI/fO) and ventromedial frontal cortex (VMPFC). While OCD has been associated with an increased neural response to errors, the influence of motivational factors on this effect remains poorly understood. Methods To investigate the contribution of motivational factors to error processing in OCD, and to examine functional connectivity between regions involved in the error response, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were measured in 39 OCD patients (20 unmedicated, 19 medicated) and 38 control subjects (20 unmedicated, 18 medicated) during an error-eliciting interference task where motivational context was varied using monetary incentives (null, loss, and gain). Results Across all errors, OCD patients showed reduced deactivation of VMPFC and greater activation in left aI/fO as compared to controls. For errors specifically resulting in a loss, patients further hyperactivated VMPFC as well as right aI/fO. Independent of activity associated with task events, OCD patients showed greater functional connectivity between VMPFC and regions of bilateral aI/fO and right thalamus. Conclusions OCD patients show greater activation in neural regions associated with emotion and valuation when making errors, which could be related to altered intrinsic functional connectivity between brain networks. These results highlight the importance of emotional/motivational responses to mistakes in OCD, and point to the need for further study of network interactions in the disorder.
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49 Own result · 26 Not checked yet · 10 Own interpretation · 3 Own method · 1 No basis given
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“Examination of parameter estimates from left aI/fO revealed a positive signal relative to implicit baseline for both errors and corrects in all groups”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
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“Results from targeted analyses of aI/fO also showed greater right aI/fO activity in loss as compared to null errors in OCD patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was a main effect of medication in left aI/fO (p = .01, Figure 2C), with greater error signal for unmedicated than medicated patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
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“Control and OCD groups exhibited similar patterns of activations for errors > corrects, averaged across incentive value, within the FST area”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Independent of activity associated with task events, OCD patients showed greater functional connectivity between VMPFC and regions of bilateral aI/fO and right thalamus.”
- Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · plain
“Group comparisons revealed significantly more positive coupling of VMPFC with right aI/fO in OCD (Figure 4A).”
- Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · hedged
“OCD patients also exhibited more positive connectivity between VMPFC and left aI/fO as well as VMPFC and right thalamus, although this may be due to differences in generalized depression and anxiety”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · plain
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In the paper
“OCD patients exhibited more activity in VMPFC for loss than for null errors”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Whereas control subjects showed no differences between loss and null errors”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For errors specifically resulting in a loss, patients further hyperactivated VMPFC as well as right aI/fO.”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“OCD patients exhibited more activity in VMPFC for loss than for null errors (Figure 3A).”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“Results from targeted analyses of aI/fO also showed greater right aI/fO activity in loss as compared to null errors in OCD patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
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“No significant deactivations were found for either group.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“There were no regions where controls showed greater activity than patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While there was no effect of medication (p = .25), VMPFC deactivation was smallest in mOCD and greatest in mPC subjects (trend medication-by-diagnosis interaction, p = .067, Figure 2C).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Parameter estimates from VMPFC revealed negative signals relative to implicit baseline for null errors in all four groups and for loss errors in both control groups.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Groups did not differ in number of errors or perception of error frequency (p > .1 for all effects)”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Behavioral
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“OCD patients were more flustered by mistakes (F (1,73) = 5.8, p = .02) and marginally more frustrated with their performance (F (1,73) = 3.3, p = .075).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Behavioral
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While both groups showed VMPFC deactivation in response to errors, the extent of this deactivation was larger for controls”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with a post-hoc ANOVA on contrast estimates (errors > corrects) revealing no effect of incentive (p = .54) and no interaction between incentive and diagnosis (p = .11).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc ANOVAs on contrast estimates (errors > corrects) revealed no effect of incentive (p = .11) or incentive-by-diagnosis interaction (p = .35), suggesting a relative failure of VMPFC deactivation in OCD for all three errors types (null, fail-to-gain, and loss).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group comparisons yielded significant differences in VMPFC (Figure 3B), with no other regions surviving correction; however, OCD patients also showed greater activity than controls in right aI/fO when correcting within aI/fO ROIs.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all errors, OCD patients showed reduced deactivation of VMPFC and greater activation in left aI/fO as compared to controls.”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“While both groups showed VMPFC deactivation in response to errors, the extent of this deactivation was larger for controls (Figure 2A and Table 1), leading to a significant OCD > control difference for errors > corrects (Figure 2B).”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“results from a targeted analysis of aI/fO showed significantly greater activation in left aI/fO in OCD patients than controls (Figure 2B).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc ANOVAs performed on parameter estimates extracted from these regions revealed a medication-by-diagnosis interaction in right aI/fO (p = .04, see Figure 4B), indicating that mOCD patients showed the most positive connectivity with VMPFC while mPCs showed the least.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Post-hoc ANOVAs on contrast estimates (loss > null errors) revealed no effects of medication and no medication-by-diagnosis interactions in either region (Figure 3C).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas controls exhibited negative connectivity between VMPFC and pMFC as well as a region of left aI/fO located superior and posterior to aI/fO areas showing positive connectivity with VMPFC, no negative coupling was found in OCD patients.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extent of positive coupling between VMPFC and aI/fO was greater in OCD patients than controls, and overlapped with aI/fO regions that were activated in the errors > corrects and loss > null errors contrasts in patients”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD patients also exhibited more positive connectivity between VMPFC and left aI/fO as well as VMPFC and right thalamus, although this may be due to differences in generalized depression and anxiety”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD patients showed significantly more activity for errors when they failed to gain money as compared to null errors in right aI/fO (x = 51, y = 27, z = -12, k = 43, z = 4.02), with no deactivations.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Event-related activity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No interactions were found for left aI/fO and thalamus, and no main effects of medication were found in any regions.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Results > Intrinsic functional connectivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD patients show greater activation in neural regions associated with emotion and valuation when making errors, which could be related to altered intrinsic functional connectivity between brain networks.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased error-related VMPFC activity has been reported in OCD (12), perhaps reflecting an inability of patients to disengage from automatic evaluative processes when errors occur.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Fitzgerald, 2005, Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Biol Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple regression analyses probed for effects of generalized depression and anxiety, OC symptom severity, and SRI dosage on neural activity in regions exhibiting group differences”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Methods and Materials > Data Analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that the enhanced error response in OCD may be due to an overvaluation of error significance potentially related to altered intrinsic connectivity between regions involved in valuation and emotion.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, VMPFC deactivation in healthy adults may be modulated by saliency signals coming from aI/fO (18), suggesting that interactions between these regions may impact how errors are processed.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“was found to differ between OCD patients and controls based on whether errors were associated with a monetary loss versus no loss (41).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Luck, 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“There is evidence that OCD involves an overactive error signal indicating that “something is wrong” (2), leading to ritualistic behaviors aimed at preventing harmful consequences of perceived “mistakes.””
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Pitman, 1987, A cybernetic model of obsessive-compulsive psychopathology, Compr Psychiatry source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While error-related activation in pMFC may signal the presence of cognitive events that require behavioral control, such as detecting mismatch between actual and intended responses (i.e., response conflict) (24, 25), aI/fO and adjacent lateral OFC may be preferentially linked to the emotional/motivational salience of errors, consistent with their role in somatic-autonomic and evaluative processes”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Carter, 1998, Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Botvinick, 2001, Conflict monitoring and cognitive control, Psychol Review source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Craig, 2009, How do you feel—now?, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Simmons, 2004, Anticipation of emotionally aversive visual stimuli activates right insula, Neuroreport source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Paulus, 2006, An insular view of anxiety, Biol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Critchley, 2005, Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration, J Comp Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Cechetto, 2009, Functional neuroanatomy of autonomic regulation, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Kringelbach, 2004, The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology, Prog Neurobiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“VMPFC plays a role in internal mentation and automatic value judgments (36-38), in contrast to lateral OFC, which may be associated with externally-triggered valuation (39).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Hare, 2009, Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Buckner, 2008, The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Bouret, 2010, Ventromedial and orbital prefrontal neurons differentially encode internally and externally driven motivational values in monkeys, J Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“aI/fO may respond to the perceived value of external events, in contrast to pMFC, which may be more engaged in processing cognitive information (21) or the initiation of volitional behaviors when responding to salient events (23).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Subjects provided written informed consent and were evaluated by a trained clinician using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis (43).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Methods and Materials > Subjects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Goodman, 1989, The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous research suggests that aI/fO, along with pMFC/dACC, is part of a network responding to salient external events (18, 19).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Seeley, 2007, Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control, J Neurosci source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One- and two-sample t-tests were thresholded with an alpha of .05, cluster-level corrected for multiple comparisons within the FST search area using Monte-Carlo simulations as implemented by AlphaSim in AFNI (49, 50).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Methods and Materials > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Ward
- Not checked yetcites [50] Preuschoff, 2008, Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk, J Neurosci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although OCD patients exhibit an increased ERN, which has a source in pMFC (67)”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent data suggests that aI/fO may be a central “hub” that initiates switching between central executive and default modes of processing (18).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Performance feedback provided on each trial was used to increase motivation, but made it impossible to disentangle neural activity to responses versus feedback.”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“VMPFC, a region of DMN that has been associated with a variety of motivational behaviors, including the experience of positive and negative emotions (45, 53-55), self-referential processing (56), and risky decision-making (57, 58).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Yang, 2002, Simultaneous perfusion and BOLD imaging using reverse spiral scanning at 3T: Characterization of functional contrast and susceptibility artifacts, Magn Reson Med source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Phan, 2002, Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [54] O'Doherty, 2003, Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices, J Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Phan, 2004, Neural correlates of individual ratings of emotional salience: A trial-related fMRI study, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Clark, 2008, Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making, Brain source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our results highlight the role of motivational brain systems in OCD, pointing to an overvaluation of errors related to alteration in functional relationships between networks processing external salience and emotional-evaluative internal thought”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Right aI/fO in particular has been associated with sympathetic arousal (29) and anticipation of aversive stimuli (26).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there have been inconsistent results regarding the location of medial frontal increases in OCD, with one fMRI study finding differences only in VMPFC (12), another only in pMFC (7), and others in both regions (9, 35).”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Fitzgerald, 2005, Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Biol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Ursu, 2003, Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psychol Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Maltby, 2005, Dysfunctional action monitoring hyperactivates frontal-striatal circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An event-related fMRI study, Neuroimage source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“areas within VMPFC are densely interconnected and strongly positively correlated (38, 59)”
§ Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and fronto-insular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Bouret, 2010, Ventromedial and orbital prefrontal neurons differentially encode internally and externally driven motivational values in monkeys, J Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Andrews-Hanna, 2010, Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network, Neuron source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Including medicated patient controls with a history of depression in the control group allows group differences to be attributed to OCD rather than to depression or medication effects.
“As the majority of OCD patients had a history of major depression (see Methods and Materials in the Supplement), a comparison of OCD and controls groups both including medicated patients with history of depression allowed us to better localize group differences to the presence of OCD instead of depression or medication effects”
The paper relies on this without support.
OCD involves attributing pathological levels of importance to simple behavioral errors or perceived errors.
“particularly relevant for a disorder where pathological levels of importance are attributed to simple behavioral errors (or perceived errors).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little prior work has investigated how the emotional or motivational significance of errors affects OCD.
“Despite the fact that OCD patients show alterations in motivational brain systems, little work has investigated the impact of the emotional/motivational significance of errors in OCD”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Seemingly, the results appear inconsistent with reports of an overactive monitoring system in OCD (Gehring et al. 2000; Stern et al. 2011).”
From Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task (2013) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with the finding that neural hyperactivations associated with errors in OCD, in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula/frontal operculum, are even greater when the errors are associated with monetary loss (Stern et al. 2011).”
From Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task (2013) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
In the citing paper
“The pallidum is involved in habitual behavior and learning(78,79).”
From Functional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“However, the development of ACC cognitive control function depends not only on the maturation of its connections within FSTC, but also on its role within other brain networks (e.g., cingulopercular network for task control13) implicated in both pediatric9 and adult28 OCD.”
From Developmental alterations of frontal-striatal-thalamic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, exaggerated responses to errors are a consistent finding in OCD, with a number of prior studies showing an overactivation of frontal responses to error processing in OCD in both fMRI research (Stern et al. 2011; Ursu et al. 2003) and EEG error-related negativity studies (Gillan et al. 2017; Mathews et al. 2012).”
From Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(31.7) = 1.8reported p = .078 · recomputed p = .081
“t (31.7) = 1.8, p = .078”
- ConsistentF(1, 73) = 5.8reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .019
“F (1,73) = 5.8, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 73) = 3.3reported p = .075 · recomputed p = .073
“F (1,73) = 3.3, p = .075”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, Use, and Reliability
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 · Cited by 7,712
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
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Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI
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Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways
Milad, M. R., & Rauch, S. L. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.003 · Cited by 847
Milad, M. R., Furtak, S. C., Greenberg, J. L., Keshaviah, A., Im, J. J., Falkenstein, M. J., Jenike, M., Rauch, S. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.914 · Cited by 308
Harmonizing the Neurobiology and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Goodman, W. K., Storch, E. A., & Sheth, S. A. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20111601 · Cited by 281
Stern, E. R., Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036356 · Cited by 245
“Many anxiety disorders [72], including OCD [8,9,73,74], are characterized by increased activation of anterior insula; as such, the hyper-connectivity between insula and DMN revealed by the current study may be more related to an anxiety phenotype than other psychopathologies, although direct comparisons between disord…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGoodman, W. K., Grice, D. E., Lapidus, K. A. B., & Coffey, B. J. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004 · Cited by 221
Norman, L. J., Taylor, S. F., Liu, Y., Radua, J., Chye, Y., De Wit, S. J., Huyser, C., Karahanoglu, F. I., Luks, T., Manoach, D., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.010 · Cited by 189
“Patients with OCD often show altered brain activation during erroneous and correct responses on inhibitory control tasks (3, 4).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNeural basis of impaired safety signaling in obsessive compulsive disorder
Apergis-Schoute, A. M., Gillan, C. M., Fineberg, N. A., Fernandez-Egea, E., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1609194114 · Cited by 168
“Therefore, an aberrant vmPFC valuation system as demonstrated across several tasks in OCD (5, 17, 37) is of critical relevance to the maintenance of the disorder.”
MethodDevelopmental alterations of frontal-striatal-thalamic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Stern, E. R., Angstadt, M., Hanna, G. L., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.011 · Cited by 165
Self-citationShin, D.-J., Jung, W. H., He, Y., Wang, J., Shim, G., Byun, M. S., Jang, J. H., Kim, S. N., Lee, T. Y., Park, H. Y., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.002 · Cited by 162
“Previous studies suggested that the rvFC is involved in reorienting attention toward salient sensory stimuli (25) and in response to errors and that OCD patients showed greater activation in the region during error commission (57,58).”
BackgroundEng, G. K., Sim, K., & Chen, S.-H. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002 · Cited by 148
Specificity of performance monitoring changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Endrass, T., & Ullsperger, M. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.024 · Cited by 141
Bress, J. N., Meyer, A., & Hajcak, G. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.814544 · Cited by 131
“Moreover, fMRI studies have found that OCD (Fitzgerald et al., 2005; Stern et al., 2011; Ursu, Stenger, Shear, Jones, & Carter, 2003) and high trait anxiety (Paulus, Feinstein, Simmons, & Stein, 2004) are associated with hyperactivation of neural circuits involved in error monitoring.”
BackgroundJung, W. H., Kang, D.-H., Kim, E., Shin, K. S., Jang, J. H., & Kwon, J. S. (2013) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.013 · Cited by 125
“These studies generally use functional connectivity (FC) analysis that captures the temporal structure of resting-state or task-related network dynamics (Harrison et al., 2009; Sakai et al., 2011; Stern et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultFunctional mapping and effective connectivity of the human operculum
Mălîia, M. D., Donos, C., Barborică, A., Popa, I., Ciurea, J., Cinatti, S., & Mı̂ndruță, I. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.024 · Cited by 119
Ketamine normalizes subgenual cingulate cortex hyper-activity in depression
Morris, L. S., Costi, S., Tan, A., Stern, E. R., Charney, D. S., & Murrough, J. W. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0591-5 · Cited by 104
Self-citationSubjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Gonzalez, R., Fitzgerald, K. D., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22038 · Cited by 102
“…greater activation of pMFC and aI/fO, as well as a failure to deactivate VMPFC, in response to errors in patients with OCD [Fitzgerald et al., 2005, 2010; Maltby et al., 2005; Stern et al., 2011; Ursu et al., 2003], suggesting altered functioning in both the salience detection network and DMN.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationCosti, S., Morris, L. S., Collins, A., Fernandez, N. F., Patel, M., Xie, H., Kim-Schulze, S., Stern, E. R., Collins, K. A., Cathomas, F., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01668-1 · Cited by 87
“The incentive flanker task (IFT) is a modification of the monetary incentive delay (MID) task [29].”
MethodSelf-citationPosner, J., Song, I., Lee, S., Rodriguez, C. I., Moore, H., Marsh, R., & Blair Simpson, H. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23408 · Cited by 89
“Likewise, whereas we did not detect significant differences between OCD and HC participants in their within SN connectivity, others have noted altered functioning of the SN in OCD [Stern et al., 2011].”
ResultFan, J., Zhong, M., Gan, J., Liu, W., Niu, C., Liao, H., Zhang, H., Yi, J., Chan, R. C. K., Tan, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.041 · Cited by 88
A Unified Functional Network Target for Deep Brain Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Li, N., Hollunder, B., Baldermann, J. C., Kibleur, A., Treu, S., Akram, H., Al‐Fatly, B., Strange, B. A., Barcia, J. A., Zrinzo, L. U., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.006 · Cited by 82
Bu, X., Hu, X., Zhang, L., Li, B., Zhou, M., Lu, L., Hu, X., Li, H., Yang, Y., Tang, W., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0362-9 · Cited by 87
Taylor, S. F., Ho, S.-H. S., Abagis, T. R., Angstadt, M., Maixner, D. F., Welsh, R. C., & Hernández-García, L. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.019 · Cited by 87
Self-citationHauser, T. U., Iannaccone, R., Dolan, R. J., Ball, J., Hättenschwiler, J., Drechsler, R., Rufer, M., Brandeis, D., Walitza, S., & Brem, S. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003305 · Cited by 86
“There is relatively consistent evidence that areas involved in RPE processing, such as the ACC, vmPFC and striatum, are impaired in OCD patients (van den Heuvel et al. 2010; Stern et al. 2011; Brem et al. 2012, 2014; Becker et al. 2014; Grünblatt et al. 2014; Walitza et al. 2014; Hauser et al. 2016a).”
BackgroundFear conditioning and extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review
Cooper, S. E., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.026 · Cited by 83
Costi, S., Morris, L. S., Kirkwood, K. A., Hoch, M., Corniquel, M. B., Vo‐Le, B., Iqbal, T., Chadha, N., Pizzagalli, D. A., Whitton, A. E., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20050653 · Cited by 81
Self-citationPresupplementary Motor Area Contributes to Altered Error Monitoring in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Grützmann, R., Endraß, T., Kaufmann, C., Allen, E. A., Eichele, T., & Kathmann, N. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.010 · Cited by 81
Manning, E. E., Dombrovski, A. Y., Torregrossa, M. M., & Ahmari, S. E. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0307-2 · Cited by 79
Rasgon, A., Lee, W. H., Leibu, E., Laird, A., Glahn, D., Goodman, W., & Frangou, S. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.08.001 · Cited by 73
“Our findings of increased likelihood of activation in the precuneus/PCC during goal-directed cognition can be interpreted as evidence of increased self-referential processing in patients with OCD which may impair their ability to switch their attention to externally-focused tasks [68,69].”
BackgroundWelsh, R. C., Jelsone-Swain, L. M., & Foerster, B. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00251 · Cited by 81
Self-citationReinecke, A., Thilo, K., Filippini, N., Croft, A., & Harmer, C. J. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.017 · Cited by 75
“…a range of anxiety disorders, and it has been shown to reduce through the course of CBT (Ball et al., 2012; Etkin & Wager, 2007; Goossens, Sunaert, Peeters, Griez, & Schruers, 2007; Klumpp et al., 2013; Sakamoto et al., 2005; Schienle, Schafer, Hermann, Rohrmann, & Vaitl, 2007; Stern et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBenedetti, F., Giacosa, C., Radaelli, D., Poletti, S., Pozzi, E., Dallaspezia, S., Falini, A., & Smeraldi, E. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.002 · Cited by 76
“…among fronto-striatal structures in resting conditions (Sakai et al., 2010) and in response to tasks that elicit emotional/motivational responses (Stern et al., 2011), or mixed pictures of increased and decreased connectivity among different brain structures (Harrison et al., 2009; Jang et al.,…”
State of belief, subjective certainty and bliss as a product of cortical dysfunction
Picard, F. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.006 · Cited by 74
“In an error-eliciting interference task, OCD patients showed greater activation in left anterior insula and frontal operculum across all errors (Stern et al., 2011).”
Del Casale, A., Rapinesi, C., Kotzalidis, G. D., De Rossi, P., Curto, M., Janiri, D., Criscuolo, S., Alessi, M. C., Ferri, V. R., De Giorgi, R., et al. (2016) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1102323 · Cited by 63
“…et al. 2008; Henseler et al. 2008; Nabeyama et al. 2008; Jung et al. 2009,2011; Page et al. 2009; Schlosser et al. 2010; Freyer et al. 2011; Koçak et al. 2011; Stern et al. 2011; Choi et al. 2012; Harrison et al. 2012; Koch et al. 2012; Woon et al. 2012; Kaufmann et al. 2013; Becker et al. 2014).”
MethodFitzgerald, K. D., Schroder, H. S., & Marsh, R. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.012 · Cited by 63
Self-citationFitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Hanna, G. L., Monk, C. S., Phan, K. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.002 · Cited by 58
Self-citationBrennan, B. P., Tkachenko, O. N., Schwab, Z. J., Juelich, R. J., Ryan, E., Athey, A. J., Pope, H. G., Jenike, M. A., Baker, J. T., Killgore, W. D. S., et al. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.36 · Cited by 58
“…hyperactivity (primarily a failure to deactivate) among DMN brain regions, particularly ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and rACC, in response to cognitive paradigms examining uncertainty (Stern et al, 2013) and response to errors (Fitzgerald et al, 2005, 2010; Stern et al, 2011).”
BackgroundPatterns of default mode network deactivation in obsessive compulsive disorder
Gonçalves, Ó. F., Soares, J. M., Carvalho, S., Leite, J., Ganho-Ávila, A., Fernandes-Gonçalves, A., Pocinho, F., Carracedo, A., & Sampaio, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep44468 · Cited by 57
Murray, G. K., Knolle, F., Ersche, K. D., Craig, K. J., Abbott, S., Shabbir, S. S., Fineberg, N. A., Suckling, J., Sahakian, B. J., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05292-2 · Cited by 53
Fan, J., Zhong, M., Zhu, X., Gan, J., Liu, W., Niu, C., Liao, H., Zhang, H., Yi, J., & Tan, C. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.002 · Cited by 58
Multimodal Investigations of Reward Circuitry and Anhedonia in Adolescent Depression
Ely, B. A., Nguyen, T. N. B., Tobe, R. H., Walker, A., & Gabbay, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.678709 · Cited by 57
“Frontiers in Psychiatry | www.frontiersin.org 7 July 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 678709 Compared to other reward paradigms such as the Incentive Flanker and Monetary Incentive Delay, the RFT has several novel features.”
MethodZhu, Y., Fan, Q., Zhang, H., Qiu, J., Tan, L., Xiao, Z., Tong, S., Chen, J., & Li, Y. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0806-9 · Cited by 56
“As a part of salience network, insula was involved in motivation and emotion processing, which played an important role in signaling homeostatic salient events [14].”
BackgroundHyperconnectivity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Apergis-Schoute, A. M., Bijleveld, B., Gillan, C. M., Fineberg, N. A., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2018) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212818808710 · Cited by 59
“Patients with OCD have shown to exhibit reduced deactivation of the vmPFC during error processing (Stern et al., 2011) and an absence of vmPFC safety signalling in OCD patients during differential threat learning and reversal was found to be predictive of a failure to learn that a previously…”
BackgroundInfluentialBellato, A., Norman, L., Idrees, I., Ogawa, C. Y., Waitt, A., Zuccolo, P. F., Tye, C., Radua, J., Groom, M. J., & Shephard, E. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.018 · Cited by 49
Liu, J., Bu, X., Hu, X., Li, H., Cao, L., Gao, Y., Liang, K., Zhang, L., Lu, L., Hu, X., et al. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25465 · Cited by 48
“deactivate this default mode network region (Stern et al., 2011), perhaps reflecting an inability of patients to disengage from automatic evaluative processes when errors occur (Bu et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSpalletta, G., Piras, F., Fagioli, S., Caltagirone, C., & Piras, F. (2014) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.212 · Cited by 50
“For example, emerging work suggests that a region comprising the frontal operculum and the anterior insula, is a key structure in an extended network (comprising also the medial frontal cortex, the dorsal ACC and the OFC) for evaluating the emotional/motivational salience of errors (Ullsperger et al. 2010; Stern et al…”
BackgroundFunctional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Sha, Z., Edmiston, E. K., Versace, A., Fournier, J. C., Graur, S., Greenberg, T., Lima Santos, J. P., Chase, H. W., Stiffler, R. S., Bonar, L., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.002 · Cited by 48
“Others report elevated FPN-thalamic connectivity(17,77) and thalamic global connectivity in OCD(34).”
BackgroundResultde Avila, R. C. S., do Nascimento, L. G., Porto, R. L. D. M., Fontenelle, L. F., Miguel, E. C., Brakoulias, V., & Ferrão, Y. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00413 · Cited by 53
“Thus, obsessions (intrusive thoughts) could be a consequence of the hyperactivity of this circuit (78), and this “hyperactivation” can be stimulated or facilitated by intersections with structures of other neurocircuits.”
BackgroundStern, E. R., Muratore, A. F., Taylor, S. F., Abelson, J. L., Hof, P. R., & Goodman, W. K. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.08.006 · Cited by 50
Self-citationKlawohn, J., Riesel, A., Grützmann, R., Kathmann, N., & Endrass, T. (2014) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0248-0 · Cited by 49
“This is in line with findings of Stern et al. (2011), who found patients with OCD more strongly flustered and frustrated by errors.”
Systematic review of co-occurring OCD and TD: Evidence for a tic-related OCD subtype?
Kloft, L., Steinel, T., & Kathmann, N. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.021 · Cited by 48
Independent component analysis of resting state activity in pediatric obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Gruner, P., Vo, A., Árgyelán, M., Ikuta, T., Degnan, A. J., John, M., Peters, B. D., Malhotra, A. K., Uluğ, A. M., & Szeszko, P. R. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22551 · Cited by 46
“associated compulsive behaviors that they engage in to reduce these threats [Stern et al., 2011].”
BackgroundAgam, Y., Greenberg, J. L., Isom, M., Falkenstein, M. J., Jenike, E., Wilhelm, S., & Manoach, D. S. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.002 · Cited by 46
“Methodological differences may have also contributed to the apparent discrepancy with prior findings of enhanced error-related ACC activation in OCD (Fitzgerald et al., 2005, 2010; Maltby et al., 2005; Stern et al., 2011; Ursu et al., 2003).”
InfluentialMorein-Zamir, S., Papmeyer, M., Gillan, C. M., Crockett, M. J., Fineberg, N. A., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001018 · Cited by 43
Norman, L. J., Mannella, K. A., Yang, H., Angstadt, M., Abelson, J. L., Himle, J. A., Fitzgerald, K. D., & Taylor, S. F. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19080886 · Cited by 45
Self-citationNorman, L. J., Carlisi, C. O., Christakou, A., Cubillo, A., Murphy, C. M., Chantiluke, K. C., Simmons, A., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Mataix‐Cols, D., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.013 · Cited by 47
Jones, R., & Bhattacharya, J. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.11.008 · Cited by 43
“Moreover, evidence suggests that OCDpatients have alterations in the functional relationship between the DMN and the more ‘task positive’ networks, such as the fronto-parietal network, so that the DMN does not ‘switch off’ during task processing as would normally be expected (Stern et al., 2011).”
Neural Circuitry of Interoception: New Insights into Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Stern, E. R. (2014) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-014-0019-0 · Cited by 42
Self-citationBerman, B. D., Horovitz, S. G., & Hallett, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00638 · Cited by 37
“…such as Tourette syndrome (Bohlhalter et al., 2006; Lerner et al., 2007; Fahim et al., 2009), obsessive–compulsive disorder (Nishida et al., 2011; Stern et al., 2011), eating disorders (Kim et al., 2012; Lawson et al., 2012), and post-traumatic stress disorder (Nagai et al., 2007; Herringa et…”
BackgroundAltered reward-related effective connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an fMRI study
Alves-Pinto, A., Rus, O. G., Reeß, T. J., Wohlschläger, A. M., Wagner, G., Berberich, G., & Koch, K. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.180195 · Cited by 36
Cognitive Neuroscience of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Stern, E. R., & Taylor, S. F. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.004 · Cited by 40
Self-citationAoki, Y. Y., Aoki, A., & Suwa, H. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.78 · Cited by 37
Bradley, K., Case, J. A. C., Freed, R. D., Stern, E. R., & Gabbay, V. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.042 · Cited by 33
“Building on prior work (Stern et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2006), we developed the Reward Flanker Task (RFT) based on a combination of the common MID (Knutson et al., 2000) and Flanker (Eriksen and Eriksen, 1974) tasks, where monetary cues designate the reward value of correct responses to upcoming…”
Self-citationError-related functional connectivity of the thalamus in cocaine dependence
Zhang, S., Hu, S., Bednarski, S. R., Erdman, E., & Li, C. R. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.015 · Cited by 37
“Together, these findings suggest that increased thalamic-vmPFC connectivity may be associated with diminished saliency-elicited self control in chronic cocaine users, consistent with an integral role of this circuitry in interference resolution (Hare et al., 2009; Hermann et al., 2009; Lamm and Lewis, 2010; Roy et al.…”
Liu, Q., Gao, F., Wang, X., Xia, J., Yuan, G., Zheng, S., Zhong, M., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26457 · Cited by 33
Perera, M. P. N., Gotsis, E. S., Bailey, N. W., Fitzgibbon, B. M., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae327 · Cited by 34
“This finding suggests that individuals with OCD struggle to disengage from self-evaluative processes following errors, impeding their ability to redirect attention effectively to the task-at-hand (Stern et al. 2011).”
BackgroundYan, H., Shan, X., Li, H., Liu, F., & Guo, W. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.125 · Cited by 33
Subirà, M., Cano, M., de Wit, S. J., Alonso, P., Cardoner, N., Hoexter, M. Q., Kwon, J. S., Nakamae, T., Löchner, C., Sato, J. R., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.150012 · Cited by 34
“Although the vmPFC has been characterized as hypoactive at rest in OCD populations, 20 perhaps owing to difficulties in fear extinction, 55 hyperactivation of this region has been reported in response to error processing, 56 uncertainty 57 and moral di lemma.”
Giménez, M., Guinea-Izquierdo, A., Villalta‐Gil, V., Martínez‐Zalacaín, I., Segalàs, C., Subirà, M., Real, E., Pujol, J., Harrison, B. J., Haro, J. M., et al. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9601-y · Cited by 32
Bernstein, G. A., Cullen, K. R., Harris, E. C., Conelea, C. A., Zagoloff, A. D., Carstedt, P. A., Lee, S. S., & Mueller, B. A. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.897 · Cited by 29
Weidt, S., Lutz, J., Rufer, M., Delsignore, A., Jakob, N. J., Herwig, U., & Bruehl, A. B. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002998 · Cited by 30
“…to Veltman et al. 2003: diameter 15 mm, 1791 mm3, centre x, y, z = 42/−42, 10, 34), anterior insula (according to Greenberg et al. 2015: diameter 15 mm, 1791 mm3, centre x, y, z = 34/−34, 13, 4), and VMPFC/OFC (according to Stern et al. 2011: diameter 20 mm, 4169 mm3, centre x, y, z = 0, 44, −2).”
Tikoo, S., Cardona, F., Tommasin, S., Giannì, C., Conte, G., Upadhyay, N., Mirabella, G., Suppa, A., & Pantano, P. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.021 · Cited by 30
The Phenomenology of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Tourette Syndrome
Ferrão, Y. A., de Alvarenga, P. G., Hounie, A. G., de Mathis, M. A., do Rosário, M. C., & Miguel, E. C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199796267.003.0003 · Cited by 28
Liu, Y., Hanna, G. L., Carrasco, M., Gehring, W. J., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22240 · Cited by 28
“For instance, functional neuroimaging research in OCD shows increased error-related brain responses in a network of regions including the pMFC [Ursu et al., 2003], insula, and orbital frontal cortex [Stern et al., 2011].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationModirrousta, M., Meek, B. P., Sareen, J., & Enns, M. W. (2015) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0205-z · Cited by 25
“Neuroimaging studies have revealed that neural activations in a network that responds to error commission in healthy people functions abnormally in OCD patients [9–11].”
BackgroundJenkins, L. M., Stange, J. P., Bessette, K. L., Chang, Y.-S., Corwin, S. D., Skerrett, K. A., Patrón, V. G., Zubieta, J., Crane, N. A., Passarotti, A. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.082 · Cited by 24
“For example, individuals with OCD show hyperactivation of the SEN, including ventromedial PFC and anterior insula, during an interference task (Stern et al., 2011), although these regions may extend beyond SEN and into error-monitoring regions.”
BackgroundLarge-Scale Network Coupling with the Fusiform Cortex Facilitates Future Social Motivation
Utevsky, A. V., Smith, D. V., Young, J. S., & Huettel, S. A. (2017) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0084-17.2017 · Cited by 19
“…in attention and reward processing, including autism spectrum disorder (Assaf et al., 2010; Young et al., 2015), obsessive compulsive disorder (Stern et al., 2011, 2012), and major depressive disorder (Sheline et al., 2009; Grimm et al., 2011), and so an improved understanding of how they…”
BackgroundVriend, C., de Wit, S. J., Remijnse, P. L., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Veltman, D. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.12.006 · Cited by 27
Development of Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex Function in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Johnson, T. D., Moser, J. S., Marsh, R., Hanna, G. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.02.016 · Cited by 22
“In addition, we sought to clarify whether performance monitoring function related to symptom severity in young patients, as this has not been the case in adults.(10,11,13,17) Finally, we capitalized on our large sample of youth with OCD to explore the effects of medication status on activation.”
Self-citationCortico-Striato-Thalamo-Cortical Circuitry, Working Memory, and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Baojuan Li, A., & Mody, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00078 · Cited by 23
“org May 2016 | Volume 7 | Article 78 findings from previous studies that have reported hyperactivation or hyperconnectivity of regions in the CSTC circuits in OCD subjects during an “incentive flanker task” (8) and at rest (9–11).”
BackgroundMagioncalda, P., Martino, M., Ely, B. A., Inglese, M., & Stern, E. R. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.442 · Cited by 23
“…in internally focused future thought and imagination (Buckner et al. 2008), and previous work by our group and others have reported abnormal functioning of DMN regions during fMRI tasks in OCD (Fitzgerald et al. 2005; Stern et al. 2011, 2012, 2013; Harrison et al. 2012; Milad et al. 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhu, C., Yu, F., Ye, R., Chen, X., Dong, Y., Li, D., Zhang, L., Li, D., & Wang, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090874 · Cited by 22
“Consistent with other studies [74,79], our current work also documented that SOC subjects displayed more aPFC (the joint part of the frontal pole cortex and the OFC, BA10/11) hyperactivation compared with LOC subjects under the loss condition, a finding revealed using sLORETA during the FRN time window.”
ResultKoh, M. J., Seol, J., Kang, J. I., Kim, B. S., Namkoong, K., Chang, J. W., & Kim, S. J. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.012 · Cited by 21
Doubt in the Insula: Risk Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Luigjes, J., Figee, M., Tobler, P. N., van den Brink, W., de Kwaasteniet, B. P., van Wingen, G. A., & Denys, D. A. J. P. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00283 · Cited by 19
Defining Brain-Based OCD Patient Profiles Using Task-Based fMRI and Unsupervised Machine Learning
Nadai, A. S. D., Fitzgerald, K. D., Norman, L. J., Block, S. R., Mannella, K. A., Himle, J. A., & Taylor, S. F. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.086 · Cited by 19
Self-citationPharmacological Treatments for Anhedonia
Klein, M. E., Grice, A. B., Sheth, S., Go, M., & Murrough, J. W. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_357 · Cited by 26
Error-processing abnormalities in pediatric anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders
Fitzgerald, K. D., & Taylor, S. F. (2015) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852915000036 · Cited by 20
“Functional neuroimaging research has provided important data about possible neural substrates of the ERN in particular, and error processing in general, that can inform theory linking this psychological function to anxiety and OCD.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKim, S., Jung, W. H., Kim, S. N., Jang, J. H., & Kwon, J. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00302 · Cited by 20
Funch Uhre, V., Melissa Larsen, K., Marc Herz, D., Baaré, W., Katrine Pagsberg, A., & Roman Siebner, H. (2022) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103268 · Cited by 18
“Thirty-four articles were excluded based on our pre-defined criteria, of which 9 articles were excluded solely because they did not find significant case-control differences for the appropriate task contrast (Fitzgerald et al., 2018; Fitzgerald et al., 2013; Gooskens et al., 2019; Hollestein et al., 2021; Hough et al.…”
Lee, S. W., Cha, H., Chung, Y., Kim, E., Song, H., Chang, Y., & Lee, S. J. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22933 · Cited by 18
“FDR, false discovery rate DMN suppression are observed in patients with OCD (Goncalves et al., 2017; Stern et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrain functional connectivity during induced sadness in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Fontenelle, L. F., Harrison, B. J., Pujol, J., Davey, C. G., Fornito, A., Bora, E., Pantelis, C., & Yücel, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110074 · Cited by 19
“9) [25–47] 34.”
Mind over matter: the microbial mindscapes of psychedelics and the gut-brain axis
Caspani, G., Ruffell, S., Tsang, W., Netzband, N., Rohani-Shukla, C., Swann, J. R., & Jefferies, W. A. (2024) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107338 · Cited by 18
“Research has implicated abnormalities in DMN functional connectivity in psychiatric disorders, like depression [107,15,165,75,85], anxiety [3], OCD [171, 69,99], PTSD [2,45], attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD, [168,58]), schizophrenia [103,199,78,100], and AN [110,125,34,41].”
The prefrontal cortex and neurosurgical treatment for intractable OCD
Rasmussen, S. A., & Goodman, W. K. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01149-5 · Cited by 16
Liu, W., Hua, M., Qin, J., Tang, Q., Han, Y., Tian, H., Lian, D., Zhang, Z., Wang, W., Wang, C., et al. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00333-3 · Cited by 16
“…is from task-based effective connectivity (EC) studies using fMRI,which demonstrated disruption in EC among brain regions involved in particular tasks such as finger-tapping (Stern et al. 2011), emotion processing (de Wit et al. 2015), and working memory (Han et al. 2016; Sladky et al. 2015).”
BackgroundReinecke, A., & Harmer, C. J. (2015) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.035113 · Cited by 13
“, 2005), insula (Ball et al., 2012; Etkin & Wager, 2007; Kilts et al., 2006; Klumpp, Angstadt, & Phan, 2012; Klumpp, Fitzgerald, & Phan, 2013; Sakamoto et al., 2005; Stern et al., 2011; Straube, Glauer, et al., 2006; Straube et al., 2005), and occipital cortex (Daniels et al.”
Becker, H. C., Norman, L. J., Yang, H., Monk, C. S., Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Liu, Y., Mannella, K. A., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003044 · Cited by 15
“…adult patients with OCD, regions of the DMN have been shown to deactivate to a lesser degree during externally oriented tasks (Brennan et al., 2015; Stern et al., 2011, 2012), to have reduced connectivity with each other (Fitzgerald et al., 2010; Peng et al., 2014), and in some instances, display…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHoven, M., Mulder, T., Denys, D. A. J. P., van Holst, R. J., & Luigjes, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/37nad · Cited by 11
Liu, Q., Ely, B. A., Stern, E. R., Xu, J., Kim, J.-W., Pick, D., Alonso, C. M., & Gabbay, V. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103258 · Cited by 12
“To further elucidate the neural underpinnings of distinct reward processes in youth, our group developed the reward flanker task (RFT; Bradley et al., 2017; Stern et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2006).”
MethodSelf-citationFerreira, S., Moreira, P. S., Magalhães, R. J. D. S., Coelho, A., Marques, P., Portugal‐Nunes, C., Silva, C., Sousa, N., & Morgado, P. F. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.008 · Cited by 14
Grützmann, R., Kaufmann, C., Wudarczyk, O. A., Balzus, L., Klawohn, J., Riesel, A., Bey, K., Wagner, M., Heinzel, S., & Kathmann, N. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.07.001 · Cited by 11
“This is in line with reports of increased harm avoidance and perfectionism in OCD (20,63–66) and supports the assumption that patients with OCD exhibit increased affective responses to errors (18,29).”
BackgroundResultMorris, L. S., Costi, S., Hameed, S., Collins, K. A., Stern, E. R., Chowdhury, A., Morel, C., Salas, R., Iosifescu, D. V., Han, M., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02957-7 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., Lister, J. J., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stern, Emily R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 583-591
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3059508
- OpenAlex
- W2054985367
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c45733ffd6c107fa72452ee11089962ddd55179
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH071821, K23MH082176, F32 MH082573)
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, error processing, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, frontal operculum, functional connectivity, financial incentives, motivational context, thalamus
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Cerebral Cortex, Cues, Emotions, Feedback, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Photic Stimulation, Severity of Illness Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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